vol. 28, no. 05

Rapid determination of hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

2012-05-03T01:50:50Z

Comunicacion Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 This paper describes a rapid (2.0 min) and sensitive (LLOQ 5 ng/mL) analytical method for the quantitation of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in human plasma. The method is based on High-performance Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using clortalidone as internal standard (I.S.). Sample preparation involved liquid-liquid extraction with methyl tert-butyl ether. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a monolitic C18 (50 x 4,6 mm) reversed-phase column and a mobile phase containing acetonitrile/water (80:20 v/v, add 5% isopropyl alcohol), in isocratic conditions. The target analytes were transferred into a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source for mass detection. The ion transitions selected for MRM detection were: m/z 296.10 > 204.85 and 337.13 > 189.77 for HCTZ and I.S., respectively. The assay was linear in the concentration range of 5-400 ng/mL. The mean recovery for HCTZ was 80.46%. Intra- and inter-day precision (Relative Standard Desviation) were < 10.3 % and <11.7%, respectively and the accuracy (Relative Error) was in the range ± 4.54%, the accuracy was evaluated by the ratio between concentration found/nominal concentration. The method was successfully applied to a single oral dose pharmacokinetics study in 26 healthy human volunteers

Vibrational spectra of the physiologically and pharmacologically relevant Cu(L-His)2 complex

2012-05-03T01:50:50Z

Comunicacion Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 The infrared spectrum of the Cu(II) complex of L-histidine (L-His) of composition [Cu(LHis) 2].1.5 H2O, generated at physiological conditions, was recorded and analyzed in relation to its structural peculiarities and by comparison with the spectrum of the free amino acid. The electronic spectrum of the complex is also briefly discussed

Antioxidant, antidiarrhoeal and cytotoxic properties of Punica granatum Linn

2012-05-03T01:50:50Z

Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 The present study was designed to investigate antioxidant, antidiarrhoeal and cytotoxic potential of hydromethanolic extract of the fruit rind of Punica granatum Linn. A dose dependent scavenging of DPPH radical and NO was observed with significant total antioxidant capacity with the plant extract in 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, total antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assays. The extract was also studied for antidiarrhoeal property using castor oil and MgSO₄ -induced diarrhoeal model, and charcoal induced gastrointestinal motility test in mice. At the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, the extract reduced the frequency and severity of diarrhoea in test animals throughout the study period. At the same doses, the extracts significantly (p < 0.001) delayed the intestinal transit of charcoal meal in test animals as compared to the control. The extract also displayed strong cytotoxic potential with LC₅₀ value of 10 μg/ml in brine shrimp lethality bioassay.

Additional evidence for the anti-inflammatory properties of the essential oil of Protium heptaphyllum resin in mice and rats

2012-05-03T01:50:50Z

Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 The objective of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and evaluates further the anti-inflammatory properties of essential oil of Protium heptaphyllum resin (EOP). The essential oil was analyzed by GC/MS. Fourteen constituents, accounting for 100% of the total oil, were identified. The main constituents of essential oil were limonene (49.96%), trans-β-ocimene (11.81%), eucalyptol (10.92%) and p-cymene (10.78%). EOP administered orally (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.) significantly suppressed the development of carrageenan and egg albumin-paw edema and produced a significant inhibition of peritoneal vascular permeability induced by acetic acid. OEP also reduced peritoneal leukocytes migration, granuloma tissue formation and mast cell degranulation induced by compound 48/80 (ex-vivo). These results appear to support the potential medicine use of EOP against inflammatory conditions.

Evaluación de la equivalencia farmacéutica de comprimidos de Ciprofloxacino del mercado argentino

2012-05-03T01:50:50Z

Articulo Pharmaceutical equivalence of Ciprofloxacin tablets in Argentina Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 Diferentes parámetros de calidad fueron ensayados en comprimidos de ciprofloxacino (CP) 500mg, adquiridos en farmacias oficinales y hospitalarias del municipio de Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina. El ciprofloxacino, droga Clase II/IV en el Sistema de Clasificación Biofarmacéutica, es un antibacteriano perteneciente al grupo de segunda generación de las quinolonas, prescripto con frecuencia para el tratamiento de infecciones urinarias. Se realizaron los siguientes ensayos: evaluación de rótulos y prospectos, identidad, uniformidad de unidades de dosificación, contenido de CP, ensayo y perfil de disolución, según los requerimientos de USP 30 y BP 2008. Los perfiles de disolución de las formulaciones en estudio se compararon utilizando modelos matemáticos y estadísticos. El propósito de este trabajo fue realizar un estudio comparativo de comprimidos de CP (500 mg), existentes en el mercado farmacéutico argentino y establecer su equivalencia farmacéutica. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que no todas las formulaciones en estudio son equivalentes farmacéuticos.; Different quality parameters were assayed in ciprofloxacin tablets (CP) 500 mg, obtained from pharmacies and hospitals of Bahía Blanca city, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ciprofloxacin, a class II/IV drug in the Biopharmaceutics Classification System, is a second generation quinolone antibiotic and is frequently prescribed for urinary infection treatment. The following assays were completed: label evaluation, identity, uniformity of dosage units, drug assay and dissolution test and profile, following USP 30 and BP 2008 requirements. Mathematical and statistical comparative models were used to characterize the dissolution profiles. The purpose of this work was to perform a comparative study of commercially available CP tablets in Argentina and ascertain pharmaceutical equivalence. We conclude that not all tested products are pharmaceutical equivalents.

Evaluation of the contraction of cutaneous wounds in wistar rats treated with brazilian green propolis gel

2012-05-03T01:50:50Z

Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 In this work the effects of topic use of Brazilian green propolis gel in the contraction of wounds performed in rat s skin was evaluated. In ten female Wistar rats were done four wounds in dorsal region. Two wounds in each rat were treated daily with Brazilian green propolis gel during 10 days. The wounds were photographed daily, and the images were analyzed with ImageJ software, in order to measure wound areas and evaluate wound contraction. In the graphic analysis, treated group and control group had similar behavior, and both evolved for complete closure in 10th experimentation day. The wound clots fell down before in treated wounds. Green propolis in the gel formulation at 5% in topical use had not effect in the process of wound contraction. The macroscopic visualization of the contraction of wounds, by itself, does not seem to be a good indicator of the process of tissue repair.

Caracterização morfoanatômica das folhas jovens de eucalyptus globulus labill ssp. bicostata (Maiden et al.) J.B. Kirkpat. (Myrtaceae)

2012-05-03T01:50:50Z

Articulo Juvenile leaf morpho-anatomical characters of eucalyptus globulus labill ssp. bicostata (Maiden et al.) J. B. Kirkpat. (Myrtaceae) Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 Eucalyptus globulus ssp. bicostata, árvore representante da família Myrtaceae, é aclimatada no extremo sul do Brasil. Apresenta como constituinte majoritário do óleo essencial o eucaliptol, aplicado medicinalmente. O estudo morfoanatômico dessa subespécie foi realizado com a finalidade de obtenção de novos dados. A folha é ovalado-oblonga, com ápice mucronado, margem lisa, oposta e séssil. Estômatos anomocíticos (folha hipoestomática), epiderme unisseriada, cutícula espessa e mesofilo dorsiventral. Presença de cavidades secretoras de óleo essencial por todo o mesofilo. Nervura central composta por um feixe vascular de maior porte voltado para a face abaxial e por dois feixes de menor porte voltado para a face adaxial. Feixes vasculares, em sua maioria, bicolaterais, rodeados por bainha parenquimática contendo idioblastos com conteúdo fenólico. Células colenquimáticas subepidérmicas envolvem feixes e nervura central. Observou-se idioblastos com; Eucalyptus globulus ssp. bicostata, a tree member of Myrtaceae family, is acclimated in the extreme south of Brazil. Eucalyptol is the main component of the essential oil, used as medicinal. The study of leaf morpho-anatomical characters about this subspecies was done in order to obtain new information. The leaf is ovate-oblong, mucronate apex, plain margin, opposite and sessile. It presents anomocytic stomata (hipostomatic leaf), uniseriate epidermis, thick cuticle and dorsiventral mesophyll. Secretory essential oil cavities are present in the mesophyll. The central vein is formed by one abaxial vascular bundle bigger than the two inverse adaxial vascular bundles. Vascular bundles, in majority, are bicolaterals, encircled by a parenchymatic sheath containing idioblasts with fenolic components. Subepidermal colenchymatic cells surround each vascular bundles and central vein. It was noticed the presence of idioblasts with calcium oxalate of druses type. Ultrastructural analysis evidenced characteristics of epicuticular waxes.

Delivery of antihypertensive drug through synthesized hydrogel network, a comparative study

2012-05-03T01:50:50Z

Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 The present study aims at developing synthesized (PVA-co-PAA)/NaCl normal hydrogel(H), hydrogel microspheres(HM) and comparing the antihypertensive activity of Diltiazem hydrochloride(DL) from two formulations. The hydrogel microspheres were crosslinked by using glutaraldehyde-saturated toluene. The hydrogel showed more swelling in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). (PVA-co-PAA)/NaCl HM formulation A1 showed comparatively higher entrapment (79%) and better control over DL release. In normotensive rats, HM formulation A1 found more effectively in reducing blood pressure to 40.1%. The experimental results demonstrated that (PVA-co-PAA)/NaCl HM had the greater potential than normal hydrogel to be used as a drug carrier.

Adsorptive voltammetric determination of nimesulide at glassy carbon electrode

2012-05-03T01:50:50Z

Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 A voltammetric method is described for the determination of nimesulide based on the reduction of the nitro group at glassy carbon electrode. The voltammetric behavior of the drug was investigated in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 2.0-12.0) applying cyclic voltammetry technique. One cathodic and one anodic peaks were observed. The comparison of peak heights and potentials indicated that these peaks are quasi-reversible. The determination of nimesulide in pure form was performed using adsorptive linear sweep voltammetry. The cathodic peak current varied linearly in the range 4.0x10^-7 - 5.0x10^-5 M (0.116 - 14.65 μg mL^-1 ). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 3.2x10^-8 and 1.06x10^-7 mol L^-1 , respectively. The proposed method was applied to pharmaceutical formulations with percent recoveries in the range 98.00-101.60%, and a relative standard deviation of 0.61-1.46%. The validity of the method was performed to the determination of nimesulide in human serum with acceptable results for biological samples. No sample pre-treatments or solvent extraction procedures were needed.

Evaluation of physicochemical characteristics of suspensions containing hydrochlorothiazide developed for pediatric use

2012-05-03T01:50:51Z

Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a thiazide diuretic used in pediatric patients despite the lack of a liquid form commercially available. Pediatric suspensions containing 0.6% of CMC-Na (F1) or 0.6% of HPMC (F2) were developed and their physicochemical characteristics were analyzed. The in vivo activity of the F1 and F2 was carried out in rats. The formulation F1 showed zeta potential value of -22.6 mV ± 1.6, while for F2 the found value was -2.01 mV ± 2.3. The mean particle size found for F1 and F2 were 44.1 μm ± 2.3 and 16.3 μm ± 1.9, respectively. The F1 sediment was easily redispersed with soft agitation of 13.3 s. On the other hand, F2 with non-charged HPMC, was denser and more difficult to redisperse. Both formulations showed an increase in urinary volume and electrolytes excretion (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-) in rats.

Effects Of D-003, a mixture of high-molecular weight aliphatic acids from sugarcane wax, and Omega-3 fatty acids on bones of ovariectomized rats

2012-05-03T01:50:51Z

Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 D-003 is a mixture of higher fatty acids purified from sugarcane wax with antiosteoporotic effects in ovariectomized (ovx) rats. Omega-3 fatty acids (Ω-3FA) have shown bone-protective effects. This study compared the effect of D-003 and Ω-3 FA on bones of ovx rats. Rats were randomized into 4 groups: one false-operated and three ovx groups: a positive control treated orally with the vehicle, one with D-003 (50 mg/kg) and other with Ω-3FA (160 mg/kg) for 3 months. Ovariectomy decreased trabecular volume, number and thickness in the fifth vertebrae, distal femur and femur neck, and increased trabecular separation, osteoclast number and surface versus the false-operated group. D-003 and Ω-3 FA prevented all changes induced by ovariectomy, but the effects of D-003 were significantly greater than those of Ω-3FA. Concluding, D-003 (50 mg/kg) and Ω-3FA (160 mg/kg) prevented osteoporotic changes in ovx rats, but D- 003 was more effective than the Ω-3FA preparation assayed.

Comparative study on dissolution profiles of sibutramine hydrochloride monohydrate from commercial capsules

2012-05-03T01:50:51Z

Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 Sibutramine hydrochloride monohydrate (SHM) has been widely used for the management of overweight and obesity. However, more restrict data have been regarded about in vitro dissolution profile of SHM from pharmaceutical dosage forms. The goal of this paper was to perform a comparative analysis on dissolution profiles of SHM from four commercial capsules (formulations F1, F2, F3 and F4) available in the Brazilian pharmaceutical market. All studied preparations reached a plateau from 85 to 100% of dissolution within 20 min in purified water, HCl 0.1 mol L^-1 (pH 1.2) and phosphate buffer solution (PBS pH 6.8) that can be reported as an immediate release behavior. Formulation F4 showed the lower dissolution efficiency (73.40%) in PBS medium. However, since similarity/difference data and analysis of variance were carried out, results demonstrated no statistical differences among the evaluated formulations in the three used media. Weibull equation was chosen as the most suitable kinetic model that better adjusted the experimental dissolution data.

Métodos de transposição de doses obtidas em farmacologia pré-clínica para ensaios clínicos fase 1: Antipsicóticos como estudo de caso

2012-05-03T01:50:51Z

Articulo Transposition methods of doses obtained from pre-clinical pharmacology for phase 1 clinical trials: Antipsicotics like study of case Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 Os métodos utilizados para cálculo da dose inicial em ensaios clínicos fase 1 foram revisados e aplicados ao derivado N-fenilpiperazínico LASSBio-579, candidato a antipsicótico, e aos antipsicóticos clorpromazina, clozapina, haloperidol e aripiprazol. Os métodos utilizam parâmetros toxicológicos e parâmetros farmacológicos, como a maior dose não tóxica em animais (NOAEL) ou doses ativas em animais, respectivamente. Com base no NOAEL (discrasia sanguínea e catatonia em ratos e camundongos), a dose inicial para LASSBio-579 seria 3 mg e máxima, 37,5 mg. Com base nas doses ativas (modelo de escalada induzida por apomorfina em camundongos), a dose inicial para LASSBio-579 ficaria entre 7,0-70,0 mg. Esta variação de doses também foi observada para os antipsicóticos de mercado. O método que mais se aproximou das doses terapêuticas foi o de Kuhlman (1997), baseado em doses ativas em animais.; The methods used to calculate the initial dose for phase 1 clinical trials were reviewed and applied to LASSBio-579, an N-phenylpiperazine derivative antipsychotic lead, and antipsychotic drugs: chlorpromazine, clozapine, haloperidol and aripiprazole. The methods use toxicological and pharmacological parameters, such as the highest non toxic dose in animals (NOAEL) and effective dose. Based on NOAEL (induction of extrapyramidal effects and blood discrasia) in rodents, the first dose of LASSBio-579 would be 3 mg and the maximum 37.5 mg. Based on active doses (apomorphine-induced climbing), the first dose of LASSBio-579 would be in the range 7-70 mg. This large variation was also observed for the antipsychotic drugs on the market, where the method that most closely approximated the doses used in therapy was the Kuhlman method (1997), based on active doses.

Feasibility assessment of ondansetron hydrochloride transdermal systems: Physicochemical characterization and In vitro permeation studies

2012-05-03T01:50:51Z

Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 The present investigation aims at feasibility assessment of ethyl cellulose (EC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) based ondansetron hydrochloride matrix type transdermal systems. The effects of polymeric concentration, its blend and drug loading dose on the in vitro drug permeation from the transdermal patches has been investigated. Ratio of EC: PVP and drug loading dose were selected as independent variables and their influence on the amount drug permeated at 24 h, permeation flux and steady state permeability coefficient were studied using experimental design. Various physicochemical parameters were studied to assess the feasibility of the transdermal systems. Ratio of EC: PVP was found to be the main influential factor for all the dependent variables studied. Drug loading dose was also found to influence the dependent variables but to a lesser extent. Physicochemical parameters of the prepared patches were evaluated and found satisfactory. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies confirmed amorphous state of ondansetron in the transdermal system. The study indicated the need for permeation enhancement techniques to meet the clinical requirement.

Utilização de medicamentos por idosos assistidos por uma farmácia comunitária

2012-05-03T01:50:51Z

Articulo Use of medication by the elderly assisted by a community pharmacy Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 Neste trabalho analisou-se a utilização de medicamentos por idosos assistidos por uma farmácia comunitária do município de Campina Grande, PB. O estudo foi descritivo, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa. A população investigada contou de 450 pacientes, acima de 60 anos, consumidores de medicamentos para dislipidemia, hipertensão e diabetes. O gênero feminino foi predominante, representando 60,0% dos idosos. Foi verificado que 77,8% dos medicamentos utilizados pelos pacientes eram inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina (ECA). O número médio de medicamentos prescritos por idoso foi de 4,5. Foram encontrados 180 Problemas Relacionados a Medicamentos (PRM), sendo o 3 mais prevalente, com 47,8%. Verificou-se que 45,0% dos idosos tinham uma adesão regular ao tratamento. Os resultados demonstraram a existência de riscos relacionados à farmacoterapia utilizada pelos idosos e a necessidade do aprimoramento da atenção farmacêutica para essa população, contribuindo desta maneira, para a melhoria da sua qualidade de vida.; This paper analyzed the use of medicines by the elderly assisted by community pharmacy in the city of Campina Grande, PB. The study was descriptive, transversal, with quantitative approach. The investigated population was made up of 450 patients over 60 years of age, users of the medices for dislipdemic, hypertension and diabetes. The feminine gender predominated, representing 60.0% of the elderly. It was verified that 77.8% of the medicines used by the patients were Angiotensin Converting Enzime (ACE) inhibitors. The average number of the medicines prescribed by the elderly was 4.5. The Drug Therapy Problems (DTP) 3 the most prevalent one, with 47.8%. It was verified that 45.0% of the elderly had regular adhesion to the treatment. The results showed the existence of risks related to pharmacotherapy used by the elderly and the necessity of the improvement of pharmaceutical care to this population, contributing, thus, to the improvement of their life quality.

Reações adversas a medicamentos em unidades pediátricas gerais de um hospital universitário

2012-05-03T01:50:51Z

Articulo Adverse drug reactions in general pediatrics units of a university hospital Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 O aumento de reações adversas a medicamentos (RAM) na população pediátrica é fator importante de admissão e prolongamento de permanência hospitalar. Este estudo tem como objetivo a prevalência de RAM em pacientes pediátricos internados em unidades gerais de hospital universitário. O método utilizado é um estudo de coorte, de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2006, através de busca ativa nos prontuários de crianças hospitalizadas. Acompanhou-se 3726 pacientes. A média de idade foi de 6,4 anos. A prevalência de RAM foi de 8%, sendo mais freqüente no sexo masculino (53%). Vancomicina foi o medicamento mais relacionado com as suspeitas de RAM em 16,2%. O sistema dermatológico foi o mais afetado em 35,8%, sendo rash cutâneo (24%) a reação mais relacionada. De acordo com algoritmo de Naranjo, 71% foram classificadas como prováveis. Conclui-se que através da farmacovigilância, pode-se detectar precocemente RAM e, com isso, estabelecer medidas preventivas durante utilização dos fármacos.; Increased adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in the pediatric population are an important factor of admission and extended length of stay. In the present paper the ADR prevalence in pediatric patients hospitalized in general units of a University Hospital is described. A Cohort study, from January 2005 to December 2006, by means of an active search in records of hospitalized children, was carried out; during this period 3,726 patients were assessed. The mean age was 6.4 years old. The ADR prevalence was 8%, being more frequent in males (53%). Vancomycin was the medicine most correlated with the ADR suspicions (16.2%). The dermatological system was the most affected, corresponding to 35.8%, being skin rash (24%) the most correlated reaction. According to Naranjo algorithm, 71% were classified as probable. Pharmacovigilance is intended to detect ADRs early, and then adopt preventive measures during the utilization of medicines.

Acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico de pacientes na Farmácia-Escola da Universidade Federal de Alfenas

2012-05-03T01:50:51Z

Articulo Pharmaceutical care of patients on School-Pharmacy of Federal University of Alfenas Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 A morbidade e mortalidade associadas ao uso de medicamentos constitui um grande problema de saúde pública. O acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico é um processo pelo qual o farmacêutico tem o objetivo de detectar, prevenir e resolver problemas relacionados com a farmacoterapia. O Método Dáder pode ser uma ferramenta para alcançar este objetivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar falhas na farmacoterapia de pacientes da Farmácia-Escola da Universidade Federal de Alfenas, utilizando-se o Programa Dáder para a implementação do Acompanhamento Farmacoterapêutico. Setenta pacientes foram avaliados. Um total de 97 Resultados negativos associados à medicação (RNM) foram detectados. Trinta e cinco deles estão relacionados com a segurança, 38 com a efetividade e 24 com a necessidade da farmacoterapia, pois um paciente pode apresentar mais de um resultado negativo associado à medicação. Vinte e seis problemas de saúde foram resolvidos. Estes resultados demonstram que o Método Dáder é efetivo em buscar, detectar, prevenir e resolver problemas relacionados ao medicamento e aplicável ao Acompanhamento Farmacoterapêutico de pacientes brasileiros.; Morbidity and mortality associated to the use of medicines is a great problem of public health. The objective of pharmacotherapeutic follow-up by pharmacist is to detect, to prevent and to resolve drug-related problems (DRPs). Dáder method can be a tool to reach this objective. The aim of this work was to detect DRPs in the University Teaching Pharmacy of UNIFAL-MG (Federal University of Alfenas) using Dáder program to implantation of pharmacotherapeutic follow-up. Seventy patients were evaluated. A total of 97 clinical negative results were detected as follow: 35 safety problems, 38 effectiveness problems and 24 not using a medication needed. One patient could be have more than one clinical negative results. A total of 26 clinical negative results received a specific pharmaceutical intervention and were resolved. These results demonstrated that the Dáder method was effective in to detect, to prevent and to resolve DRPs and it is feasible to Brazilian patients' pharmacotherapeutic follow-up.

Comparação de fontes bibliográficas para o diagnóstico farmacoterapêutico de interações medicamentosas

2012-05-03T01:50:51Z

Articulo Comparative analysis of bibliographic sources as methods for pharmacotherapeutic diagnosing of drug-drug interactions Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 Este trabalho comparou fontes bibliográficas utilizadas para diagnóstico farmacoterapêutico de Interações Medicamentosas (IM): uma base de dados de acesso livre via internet, um livro, e os dados do Micromedex®. A hipótese foi verificar a similaridade na classificação quanto à severidade da IM. Em 1785 prescrições de um hospital universitário brasileiro, foram encontradas 887 prescrições com 77 IM potenciais. Apenas 26 IM (34%) apresentaram a mesma classificação quanto à severidade nas três fontes bibliográficas analisadas, [kappa = 0,396 para IM grave (95% IC: 0,269-0,525; p < 0,001)]. Concluímos que as IM podem ser classificadas com severidade diferente dependendo da fonte bibliográfica utilizada. Ressaltamos a importância da avaliação crítica da informação ao interpretar dados e orientar a equipe médica na tomada de providências para a prevenção e manejo das IM.; This work compared bibliographic sources used as methods for pharmacotherapeutic diagnosing of drug-drug interactions (DDI): one database free accessed by Internet, a book and Micromedex® data. The hypothesis was to verify the similarity in the classification of severity of the DDI. In 1785 prescriptions of a Brazilian university hospital, 887 prescriptions had shown 77 potential DDI. Only 26 (34%) DDI pairs had presented the same classification of severity in the three sources, [kappa = 0,396 to major DDI (95% IC: 0,269- 0,525; p < 0,001)]. We conclude that the DDI can be classified with different severity grades depending on the bibliographic source used. We remind the importance of critical evaluation of information to interpret data and to guide the medical team in decisions for prevention and handling of the DDI.; Este trabalho comparou fontes bibliográficas utilizadas para diagnóstico farmacoterapêutico de Interações Medicamentosas (IM): uma base de dados de acesso livre via internet, um livro, e os dados do Micromedex®. A hipótese foi verificar a similaridade na classificação quanto à severidade da IM. Em 1785 prescrições de um hospital universitário brasileiro, foram encontradas 887 prescrições com 77 IM potenciais. Apenas 26 IM (34%) apresentaram a mesma classificação quanto à severidade nas três fontes bibliográficas analisadas, [kappa = 0,396 para IM grave (95% IC: 0,269-0,525; p < 0,001)]. Concluímos que as IM podem ser classificadas com severidade diferente dependendo da fonte bibliográfica utilizada. Ressaltamos a importância da avaliação crítica da informação ao interpretar dados e orientar a equipe médica na tomada de providências para a prevenção e manejo das IM.

Estudo morfoanatômico de órgãos vegetativos de Solanum caavurana Vell (Solanaceae)

2012-05-03T01:50:52Z

Articulo Morpho-anatomical study of the vegetative organs of Solanum caavurana Vell (Solanaceae) Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 Neste trabalho realizou-se um estudo morfo-anatômico de folhas, caule e raízes de Solanum caavurana Vell., espécie de uso na medicina popular brasileira, conhecida popularmente como jurubebabranca, com o objetivo de realizar morfodiagnoses macroscópicas e microscópicas que possibilitem sua caracterização. Estudos morfológicos e testes histoquímicos foram realizados com material fresco e seco. Para as morfodiagnoses microscópicas, realizaram-se seções transversais de folhas (lâmina e pecíolo), caule e raiz, e seções paradérmicas em lâminas foliares. S. caavurana possui folhas glabras, com tufos de tricomas simples na nervura principal na face abaxial; a epiderme da lâmina foliar é anfiestomática com estômatos anisocíticos e paredes anticlinais sinuosas; o mesofilo é dorsiventral, com o parênquima paliçádico uniestratificado; idioblastos com areia cristalina são observados no parênquima fundamental do pecíolo e nervura principal. O caule é cilíndrico, verde escuro, estriado, com organização eustélica. A raiz é axial e estriada; o xilema secundário forma um cilindro maciço de estrutura hexarca. A morfologia foliar e caulinar não são caracteres diagnósticos em relação às espécies da seção Geminata; a ausência de indumento constitui um caráter distintivo no nível infragenérico; a anatomia da epiderme, caule e raiz constituem um conjunto de caracteres distintivos para a espécie estudada.; This work constitutes a morpho-anatomical study of leaves, stem and roots of Solanum caavurana, a species popularly known as "jurubeba-branca" and used in the Brazilian folk medicine. The objective of this study is to provide a macroscopic and a microscopic morphodiagnosis which will aid in its characterization. The macroscopic and microscopic morphodiagnosis and the histochemical tests were carried out with fresh and dry material. The anatomical studies were done by transversal sections of leaves (blade and petiole), stem and roots, and paradermic sections in the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the blade leaves. The leaves of S. caavurana are glabrous with small tuffs of simples trichomes on the midrib of abaxial surface; the epidermis of blade leaves has sinuous anticlinal walls and is amphistomatic with anisocytic stomata; the mesophyll is dorsiventral with an uniseriate palisade; idioblasts of crystal-sand were observed in the fundamental parenchyma of petiole and midrib. The stem is dark-green, cylindrical and longitudinally striate with eustelic organization. The root is axial and striate, the secondary xylem is a massive cylinder with hexarch structure. The morphology of leaves and stem don t constitutes diagnostic characters in relation to the species of the section Geminata; the absence of indumenta is distinctive in the infrageneric level; the anatomy of epidermis, stems and roots constitutes a set of characters distinctive for the species studied.

Desenvolvimento e avaliação de comprimidos matriciais hidrofílicos contendo elevada carga de fármaco muito solúvel via delineamento estatístico experimental

2012-05-03T01:50:52Z

Articulo Development and validation of hydrophilic matrix tablets containing a high load of very soluble drug by experimental statistic delineation Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 28, no. 5 O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver comprimidos matriciais contendo elevada carga de fármaco muito solúvel (isoniazida-INH) utilizando hidróxi-propilmetilcelulose (HPMC K4M) como agente formador de matriz hidrofílica e estearato de magnésio (ESTMAG) como hidrofobizante. Os comprimidos foram obtidos via compressão direta de misturas físicas constituídas por INH, HPMC K4M, ESTMAG, Aerosil® 200 e Avicel® PH 102. Foi empregada metodologia de Desenho Composto Central (DCC) em função dos fatores de variação HPMC (20 a 40%) e ESTMAG (0,5 a 2,0%). Os comprimidos foram submetidos ao ensaio de dissolução (método USP I) sendo consideradas como variáveis de saída a massa percentual de INH liberada nos tempos 1, 4, 8 e 12 h, além da variabilidade dos dados de dissolução. A Análise de Superfícies de Resposta (ASR) mostrou inequivocamente um prolongamento na liberação do fármaco, determinado essencialmente pelos níveis de HPMC K4M. Os modelos de regressão foram validados e a partir de destes selecionaram-se os valores ótimos (HPMC 30,72% e ESTMAG 1,45%) que apresentaram perfil de dissolução em conformidade com o modelo teórico.; The objective of this study was to develope matrix tablets containing high load of very soluble drug (isoniazid ? INH) using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M) as former agent of hydrophilic matrix and magnesium stearate (ESTMAG) as hidrofobizant. The tablets was obtained way direct compression of physical mixtures consisting by INH, HPMC K4M, ESTMAG, Aerosil® 200 e Avicel® PH 102. Central Composite Design (CCD) in function of the factor of variation HPMC K4M (20 to 40%) and ESTMAG (0.5 to 2.0%) was used. The tablets was submitted to the dissolution s test (method USP I) being monitored the percentile mass of set free INH in times 1, 4, 8 and 12 h, beyond the variability of the dissolution data. The response surfaces show unequivocally a prolongation in the drug release, essentially for the levels of HPMC K4M. The regression models was validated and carry to the values taken excellent ? HPMC 30.72% e ESTMAG 1.45% - that presented dissolution s profile in compliance with theoretical model.