vol. 27, no. 01

Un orgullo genuino: el sesquicentenario de Revista Farmacéutica de Argentina

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Contribucion a revista A genuine proud: the sesquicentenary of Revista Farmacéutica (Argentina) Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 Revista Farmacéutica, órgano oficial de la Academia Nacional de Farmacia y Bioquímica de la Argentina, se apresta a celebrar sus ciento cincuenta años de vida el 1º de octubre de 2008. En esta apretada síntesis se brinda una información sumaria acerca de sus orígenes, su ubicación en el concierto mundial de revistas dedicadas a las Ciencias Farmacéuticas, sus primeros aportes científicos a la profesión farmacéutica y un recuerdo de sus ex-directores, así como su realidad actual.; Revista Farmacéutica, the official organ of the Argentine Academy of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, is going to be one hundred and fifty years old on October 1 , 2008. The present article affords a brief information about its origins, its position among other ancient journals devoted to Pharmaceutical Sciences, its early scientifical contributions to the pharmaceutical profession and the remembering of its editors-in-chief, as well as its present reality.

Conocimiento y desempeño de buenas prácticas clínicas en equipos de investigación en Santiago de Cuba

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Contribucion a revista Knowledge and performance of good clinical practices in investigation equipments Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 Se evaluó el nivel de conocimiento y desempeño de Buenas Practicas Clínicas de los investigadores participantes en ensayos clínicos en ejecución en 5 centros asistenciales, desde febrero a abril de 2006. El nivel de conocimiento se evaluó mediante una encuesta, clasificándose en conocedor, poco conocedor y no conocedor. El desempeño se evaluó en adecuado e inadecuado, a través de entrevistas y Visitas de Control de Calidad (VCC). Se realizó una evaluación general teniendo en cuenta las entrevistas y las VCC. El 67% de la muestra clasificó como conocedor. Con respecto al desempeño, el 57,6% fue inadecuado. Estos resultados demuestran, pese a lo hecho hasta el presente, una preparación insuficiente de estos profesionales en el tema y la inminente necesidad de capacitación de los mismos.; The level of knowledge and performance of Good Clinical Practices of the participant investigators in clinical tests was carried out in five hospitals, on February-April, 2006. The knowledge level was evaluated by means of an inquiry, classifying the investigators as expert, scanty expert and not expert. The performance was evaluated as adequete or inadequate, by means of interviews and Quality Control Visits (QCV). According to the results of interviews and QCV 67% of the participants were classified as experts. With respect to performance, 57.6% were inadequate. The results demonstrate that the preparation of these professionals in this mater is still insufficient and that is imminent the necessity of a qualification.

Emprego dos polihidroxialcanoatos em sistemas de liberação controlada de fármacos

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Revision Use of polyhydroxyalkanoates in drug delivery systems Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 Os polihidroxialcanoatos são poliésteres de hidroxiácidos sintetizados por inúmeras bactérias, como compostos que servem como fonte de carbono intracelular e energia, sendo acumulados na forma de grânulos no citoplasma das células. Estes polímeros têm representado um imenso potencial para aplicação farmacêutica, na área de liberação controlada de fármacos, em virtude de suas características de biodegradabilidade e biocompatibilidade. Neste trabalho são abordados os conhecimentos adquiridos sobre estes polímeros, sobretudo aqueles de interesse para sua utilização no desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos. Estudos sobre a utilização em sistemas de liberação prolongada são relatados, especialmente na área de microencapsulação, dando ênfase aos fatores que têm demonstrado afetar a velocidade de liberação de fármacos.; Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters of 3-hydroxyacids synthesized by numerous bacteria species as intracellular carbon and energy storage compounds and accumulated as granules in the cytoplasm of cells. These polymers have shown great potential for pharmaceutical application due to their biodegradation and biocompatibility characteristics. In this paper, the properties of these polymers are described, mainly those that are crucial for the development of new drug dosage forms. Studies concerning the preparation of prolonged release dosage forms from these polymers are mentioned, in particular those regarding the microencapsulation approach, emphasizing the factors affecting the rate of drug release.

A assistência farmacêutica e o aumento da resistência bacteriana aos antimicrobianos

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Contribucion a revista The pharmaceutical assistance and the increase in bacterial resistance to antimicrobials Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 A resistência bacteriana aos antimicrobianos é um importante problema de saúde pública, ameaçando a eficácia da terapêutica empregada para as doenças infecciosas de etiologia bacteriana. Uma das principais causas deste problema é o uso abusivo e inadequado de antimicrobianos. No mundo inteiro, surgem relatos de resistência, de patógenos importantes, aos mais diversos tipos de antimicrobianos, mesmo os mais modernos. Compreendendo a importância da assistência farmacêutica na atenção à saúde, procurou-se, através de uma revisão da literatura, pontuar as falhas que contribuem para o aumento da resistência bacteriana aos antimicrobianos. Foram também apresentadas propostas de melhoria, analisando a aplicação prática das mesmas.; Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials is an important issue in public health insofar as it threatens the efficacy of therapeutic treatment of infectious diseases of bacterial etiology. Increase in bacterial resistance is associated to abusive and inadequate use of antimicrobials. In the whole world, there are often new accounts of resistance of important pathogens to various antimicrobials, even the most modern ones. Keeping in mind the importance of pharmaceutical assistance to health care, we have revised the literature available in order to point out problems that lead to an increase in bacterial resistance to antimicrobials, as well as to present proposals for improvement and discuss their practical application.

Desarrollo de la acreditación de Farmacias de Oficina en la provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina

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Articulo Development of the accreditation of community pharmacies in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 Este trabajo tiene como objetivo general aportar herramientas para un sistema de acreditación de farmacias de oficina y específicamente definir componentes de evaluación y construir indicadores de calidad para el desarrollo de un manual de acreditación de farmacias para la Provincia de Santa Fe. Es un estudio descriptivo, con un enfoque combinado cualitativo y cuantitativo. Se realizó un análisis de antecedentes internacionales y nacionales, y luego de entrevistas y técnica de grupo nominal se propone un esquema por niveles crecientes de exigencia. Se determinaron 26 componentes de evaluación y se formularon 24 indicadores de calidad de la atención. Se asignaron valores de referencia a los indicadores y se diseñó una guía como herramienta de recolección de datos.; The objective of this work is to provide tools for a system of accreditation of community pharmacies, and specifically to define evaluation components and to construct indicators of quality for the development an Accreditation Manual for the Province of Santa Fe. It is a descriptive study, combining a qualitative and quantitative approach. International and national backgrounds were analyzed, and after interviews and nominal group technique, it is proposed a scheme of increased levels of exigency. Twenty six components of evaluation were determined and 24 quality indicators of attention were formulated. Values of reference were assigned to each indicator and a guide to operate the process of collecting the information was designed.

Uso de Penicilina na ala pediátrica de um hospital em Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil

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Articulo Use of Penicillin in the pediatric area of a hospital in Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 As penicilinas constituem os fármacos de escolha no tratamento das infecções. Na pediatria, sua utilização requer atenção especial, sobretudo na adequação posológica. Objetivando avaliar a terapia farmacológica da penicilina no setor pediátrico, realizou-se esta pesquisa mediante um estudo exploratório dos pacientes pediátricos de um hospital na cidade de Campina Grande, no período de três meses. Evidenciou-se a prevalência da penicilina, sendo a ampicilina endovenosa a classe mais utilizada. Adequada prescrição posológica foi registrada para 74% das crianças tratadas com penicilina. As penicilinas compreendem antibióticos amplamente utilizados, ocupando importante lugar na terapia antimicrobiana; todavia, seu uso criterioso é essencial ao sucesso terapêutico.; Penicillin group constitutes the chosen medicines in the treatment of infections. In pediatry, its use requires special attention, mainly in the adjustment of the dose. Aiming at evaluating the penicillin pharmacological therapy in the pediatric area, this research was carried by means of an exploratory study with the pediatric patients in a hospital in Campina Grande city, during three months. The prevalence of penicillin was evidenced, being intravenous ampicilin the most used class. Adequate dose prescription was registered to 74% of the penicillin-treated children. Penicillin group consists of largely used antibiotics, occupying an important place in the antimicrobial therapy; however, its therapeutic success depends on its correct use.

Alertas y retiros de medicamentos del mercado en Cuba: Nivel de información del farmacéutico: Level of knowledge of the pharmacist

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Articulo Warnings and recalls of drugs from the market in Cuba Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 Son diversas las etapas que deben cumplimentarse en Cuba para la introducción de un nuevo medicamento en el mercado, dentro de las que se encuentran la evaluación de parámetros físico-químicos, farmacológicos, toxicológicos y clínicos. Los organismos competentes a nivel nacional e internacional cuentan con las normativas que regulan este proceso, las cuales además son de obligatorio cumplimiento. Los centros de farmacovigilancia son los encargados de la recepción y evaluación de notificaciones de sospechas de posibles reacciones adversas, con el fin de identificar de forma precoz posibles problemas de seguridad derivados del uso de medicamentos. De esta manera se genera la emisión de alertas y retiros de medicamentos del Mercado, por parte del Centro para el Control Estatal de la Calidad de los Medicamentos (CECMED), perteneciente al Ministerio de Salud Pública. El farmacéutico comunitario necesita tener un adecuado nivel de información con respecto a estos eventos, por lo que el objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar el conocimiento que sobre las alertas y el retiro de medicamentos tiene el personal de los servicios farmacéuticos, así como la vía y calidad de obtención de la información. Para ello se diseñó una encuesta que nos permitió cumplimentar el objetivo trazado. El mismo fue aplicado en 186 Servicios Farmacéuticos comunitarios y hospitalarios, representativos de la totalidad de las farmacias de Ciudad de La Habana. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos puede concluirse que el farmacéutico no domina todos los aspectos que se tienen en cuenta para la emisión de una alerta y retiro de medicamentos. En cuanto a la calidad de la información recibida, los encuestados refieren que su mayor inconformidad está relacionada con el contenido de la notificación de las alertas y retiros.; The development of a new drug requires several phases that have to be completed, such as physic-chemical evaluation, pharmacological and toxicological analysis and clinical trials. The national and international regulatory agencies establish the mandatory requirements for these processes. The regulatory institutions are entitled to monitor the post marketing phase and they evaluate the notifications of suspicious events that can be caused by drug adverse reactions and issue a recall when it is necessary. In Cuba the regulatory med watch institution is the "Center for quality control of medications" (CECMED), institution adjuncted to the Cuban Public Health Ministry. The community Pharmacist needs to have a high level of information regarding the recalls. The objective of this investigation is the evaluation of the knowledge about warnings and recalls that the community pharmacy personal have and the way and quality of the information obtained. A survey was designed in order to achieve the main objective of the research. 186 community pharmacies and hospital pharmacies took the survey; they are representative of the total of community and hospital pharmacies in Havana City. Considering the results of the survey the level of knowledge about warning and recalls is poor. Regarding the quality of the information received by the Pharmacists, their main inconformity is related with the content of the warnings and recalls notification.

Estudo de dissolução de cápsulas contendo Itraconazol: desenvolvimento e validação de método

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Articulo Dissolution study of capsules containing Itraconazol: method development and validation Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 Este artigo descreve os resultados de um estudo de dissolução in vitro de cápsulas contendo itraconazol na forma de peletes (100 mg). O itraconazol é um fármaco antifúngico, de admistração oral, classificado como classe II pelo Sistema de Classificação Biofarmacêutica (SCB). Por ser praticamente insolúvel em água, é provável que a solubilidade seja o fator limitante para a absorção deste fármaco. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter um método de dissolução apropriado, capaz de detectar possíveis diferenças entre formulações originadas de diferentes laboratórios farmacêuticos. O método selecionado que utiliza suco gástrico artificial sem adição de enzimas como meio de dissolução e aparato II (pá) a 100 rpm, apresentou caráter discriminatório entre os produtos Referência, Genérico e Similar. A quantificação do fármaco dissolvido através de espectrometria a 255 nm atendeu aos critérios de validação de linearidade, especificidade, precisão e precisão.; This article describes results of an in vitro study in which capsules containing itraconazole pellets (100 mg). The itraconazole is an antifungal drug, orally administrated, classified as class II by the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS). Practically insoluble in water, the solubility is probable the limiting factor for the absorption of the drug. The aim of this study was obtain an appropriate dissolution method, capable to detect possible differences among different formulations of several pharmaceutical laboratories. The selected method using artificial gastric juice without enzymes as dissolution media and apparatus II (paddle) at 100 rpm, presented discriminatory effect among the products Reference, Generic and Similar. The quantification of dissolved drug by the spectrometry determination at 255 nm accepts the validation criteria's of linearity, specificity, precision and accuracy.; Este artigo descreve os resultados de um estudo de dissolução in vitro de cápsulas contendo itraconazol na forma de peletes (100 mg). O itraconazol é um fármaco antifúngico, de admistração oral, classificado como classe II pelo Sistema de Classificação Biofarmacêutica (SCB). Por ser praticamente insolúvel em água, é provável que a solubilidade seja o fator limitante para a absorção deste fármaco. O ob- jetivo deste estudo foi obter um método de dissolução apropriado, capaz de detectar possíveis diferenças entre formulações originadas de diferentes laboratórios farmacêuticos. O método selecionado que utiliza suco gástrico artificial sem adição de enzimas como meio de dissolução e aparato II (pá) a 100 rpm, apresentou caráter discriminatório entre os produtos Referência, Genérico e Similar. A quantificação do fármaco dissolvido através de espectrometria a 255 nm atendeu aos critérios de validação de linearidade, especificidade, precisão e precisão.

Medida del potencial anódico en estado sólido: una herramienta para la determinación del potencial antioxidante de fitoterápicos

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Articulo Measurement of the anodic potential in solid state: a tool for determination of the antioxidant potential of phytomedicine Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 Las técnicas electroanalíticas se muestran bastante promisorias para el control de calidad de materias-primas vegetales. La determinación del potencial anódico en estado sólido es una alternativa rápida, práctica y de bajo costo, además de ser un parámetro de identificación, puede ser utilizado para determinar también su actividad antioxidante. El sistema desarrollado consiste básicamente en el empleo de un electrodo modificado, compuesto por electrodo de pasta de carbono modificado con la materia-prima vegetal pulverizada (EMF). Los ensayos fueron hechos en una celda electroquímica conteniendo electrodos de trabajo (EMF), referencia (Ag/AgCl, KCl ) y auxiliar (Pt).; The electroanalytical techniques are very promissing to perform the quality control of crude vegetable. Solid State Differential Pulse Voltammetry in the supporting electrolyte is able to detect the oxidation signals of the active material, which can be used as a parameter to identify the type of crude vegetable and its antioxidant activity. The working electrode consisted in a carbon paste electrode modified with the pow- der of vegetable raw material (EMF). The electrochemical measurements were performed in a cell containing the working (EMF), reference (Ag/AgCl, KCl ) and auxiliary (Pt) electrodes.

Una entidad química aislada de Erythroxylum confusum Britton: palmitato de B-Amirina

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Articulo A chemical entity isolated from Erythroxylum confusum Britton: B-amyrin palmitate Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 Varios triterpenos pentaciclicos y derivados han sido identificados y aislados de plantas; estos compuestos poseen diversas acciones biológicas incluyendo actividades anti-VIH y anticancerígena. El género Erythroxylum se encuentra ampliamente representado en la flora cubana por 22 especies, donde algunas de las especies han sido utilizadas con fines etnomédicos e incluso se investiga las propiedades antivirales de algunos extractos. La composición química de este género esta básicamente formado por terpenos, flavonoides y alcaloides; particularmente identificados en mayor proporción en las hojas. De acuerdo a la amplia búsqueda de información realizada, palmitato de ßß-amirina sólo ha sido identificado en dos espe- cies del género. Sin embargo, para este compuesto se menciona una potente acción antidepresiva sobre el Sistema Nervioso Central. En el presente trabajo se hace referencia al aislamiento y caracterización estructural de este compuesto aislado e identificado por primera vez de la especie Erythroxylum confusum Britt. que crece en Cuba, donde su presencia es alta. Esto abre las perspectivas de su extracción y uso para fines farmacéuticos en el país.; Several pentacyclics triterpenes and derivatives have been identified and isolated from plants; these compounds possess diverse biological actions including anti-HIV and anticancer activities. Genus Erythroxylum is broadly represented in the Cuban flora by 22 species, some of which have been used in etnomedicine and the antiviral properties of some extracts were investigated. The chemical composition of this genus is basically formed by terpenes, flavonoids and alkaloids; mainly present in more amount in the leaves. ß-amyrin palmitate has only been identified in two species of the genus. However, for this compound a potent antidepressive action on the Central Nervous System is mentioned. In this work reference is made about the isolation and structural characterization of this compound, which has been identified for the first time in Erythroxylum confusum Britt. that vastly grows in Cuba. This opens perspectives of their extraction and use for pharmaceutical purposes in the country.

Efecto del ácido esteárico sobre las propiedades de matrices flotantes de Metronidazol/Carbopol971P NF

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Articulo Effect of stearic acid on the properties of metronidazole/carbopol971P NF floating matrices Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 Se estudiaron las propiedades de las tabletas de metronidazol/ Carbopol971P NF de liberación sostenida, variando la proporción del lubricante, con y sin bicarbonato de sodio. Las variables estudiadas incluyen la dureza y la presión de expulsión de las tabletas, el perfil de liberación del fármaco, la cinética de hidratación de las matrices y el tiempo de flotación. Las tabletas sin bicarbonato no flotaron; con bicarbonato flotaron en promedio 6 h. La liberación del fármaco aumenta conforme aumenta el contenido de ácido esteárico de las tabletas. La misma tendencia se observa con matrices que contienen bicarbonato de sodio, sin embargo, la liberación es menor.; The properties of metronidazole/Carbopol971P NF sustained release tablets have been studied varying the proportion of the lubricant on formulations with and without sodium bicarbonate. The variables studied include the tablet hardness and the ejection pressure, the drug release profile, the hydration kinetics and the floating behavior. Tablets without bicarbonate did not float while those with bicarbonate floated an average of 6 h. The drug release increases with increasing concentrations of stearic acid in the tablets. The same trend is observed with matrices containing sodium bicarbonate however the drug release is lesser.

Estudios de estabilidad por CG y CG-EM durante cinco años de D-003 (una mezcla de ácidos grasos C24:0 to C36:0) solo y en forma de tabletas revestidas de 5 mg

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Articulo Five-year stability studies by GC and GC-MS of D-003 (a mixture of C24:0 to C36:0 fatty acids) alone and in 5 mg film-coated tablets Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 El D-003 es nuevo producto con efectos reductores del colesterol y antioxidantes. Se trata de una mezcla de ácidos grasos alifáticos de alto peso molecular (C a C ) purificados de la cera de caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum, L.), donde el ácido octacosanoico es el componente mayoritario. Se determinó la estabilidad del D-003 en estado natural y en forma de tabletas recubiertas de 5 mg, siguiendo las guías de la ICH. Los estudios de validación de los métodos por CG demostraron una buena linealidad (r > 0,9994; CVs de los factores de respuesta y de las pendientes < 5 y 2%, respectivamente), elevada exactitud (recobrados desde 98,9 a 100,6%) y precisión (CV < 2% para la repetibilidad y la reproducibilidad). Se analizaron las especificaciones siguientes: contenido de D-003, color, peso de la tableta, dureza, tiempo de desintegración y contenido microbiológico. Los ensayos de estrés incluyeron hidrólisis ácida, termólisis, oxidación y fotólisis. Además, se llevaron a cabo estudios acelerados (12 meses) bajo condiciones drásticas: 40 °C y 75% de humedad relativa (RH), así como estudios a largo plazo (60 meses) utilizando tres lotes de IA y tabletas en las condiciones de las Zonas Climáticas IV (30 °C y 70% HR) y II (25 °C y 60% HR). En ninguno de los estudios se encontraron cambios significativos o tendencias, ni en el contenido de D-003 ni en las otras especificaciones. En general, el D-003 IA es muy estable así como las tabletas recubiertas con dosis de 5 mg, con un período de vencimiento de al menos 5 años en las condiciones climáticas de las Zonas II y IV.; D-003, a product with cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant effects, is a mixture of very high molecular weight aliphatic acids (C to C ) purified from sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum, L.) wax, where octacosanoic acid is the major component. The stability of D-003 as such and in 5 mg film- coated tablets was determined following ICH guidelines. Validation studies of the GC method demonstrated good linearity (r > 0.9994, RSDs of the response factors and of the slopes < 5 and 2%, respectively), high accuracy (recoveries from 98.9 to 100.6%) and precision (RSD < 2% for repeatability and reproducibility). Specifications such as content, color, tablet weight, hardness, disintegration time, and microbiological content were assessed. Stress testing included acid hydrolysis, thermolysis, oxidation and photolysis. In addition, accelerated studies (12 months) under drastic conditions: 40 °C and 75% of relative humidity (RH) as well as long-term studies (60 months) at conditions of Climatic Zones IV (30 °C and 70% RH) and II (25 °C and 60% RH) were also conducted using three batches of AI and tablets. No significant changes or trends neither on the content nor on other specifications were found in any study. Overall, D-003 is very stable as such and in 5 mg film-coated tablets, with a shelf life of 5 years in climatic conditions of Zones IV and II.

Optimización de tabletas de liberación rápida de meprobamato usando diseños con mezclas

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Articulo Optimization of a meprobamate fast released tablet formulation using mixture design Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 Actualmente, el meprobamato no es un fármaco de amplio espectro comercial. Con el objetivo de obtener una formulación farmacéutica óptima para este fármaco u otros más competitivos, la metodología de diseños experimentales es una herramienta estadística muy útil para lograrlo. El propósito principal de este trabajo fue aplicar un diseño con mezcla D-Optimal para la optimización de tabletas de liberación rápida de meprobamato (400 mg), elaboradas por granulación húmeda. Los excipientes incluidos en este estudio fueron: almidón de maiz (relleno), Kollidom K25 (aglutinante), lauril sulfato de sodio (surfactante) y Acdisol (desintegrante). Diferentes propiedades de los granulados y las tabletas fueron modeladas en función de los porcentajes de los cuatro ingredientes. Los criterios de optimización para esta formulación farmacéutica fueron una máxima disolución del fármaco y una alta fluidez del granulado. Las proporciones de la mezcla óptima fueron: almidón de maíz, 10,4%; Kollidon K25, 6,0%; lauril sulfato de sodio, 1,02% y Acdisol, 5,0%.; At present, meprobamate is not a drug with a broad commercial spectrum. In order to get an optimal pharmaceutical formulation for this kind of drug or others more competitive, experimental design methodology is a statistical tool very useful for reach them. The principal aim of this work was to apply D-Optimal mixture design for optimization of meprobamate (400 mg) fast released tablets manufactured by wet granulation. The excipients included in this study were maize starch (filler), Kollidom K25 (binder), sodium lauryl sulfate (surfactant) and Acdisol (disintegrant). Different granulate and tablet properties were modeled as functions of the four ingredient percentages. The optimization criteria for this medicament were a maximum percentage of drug dissolution and a high granulate flowability. The proportions of the optimal mixture were 10.4% maize starch, 6.0% Kollidon K25, 1.02% sodium lauryl sulfate, and 5.0% Acdisol.

Estudo fitoquímico e biológico de Vernonia tweediana Baker (Asteraceae)

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Articulo Phytochemical and biological study of Vernonia tweediana Baker (Asteraceae) Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 A mistura de α-amirina, β-amirina e lupeol e o ácido palmítico puro foram os principais constituintes químicos isolados do extrato clorofórmio da parte aérea de V. tweediana. Lupenil palmitato puro e a mistura de α-amiril palmitato e β-amiril palmitato foram isolados a partir do extrato clorofórmio das raízes. As estruturas foram caracterizadas por métodos químicos e espectroscópicos. Também foram investigadas as atividades biológicas dos extratos hexano, clorofórmio, acetato de etila e metanol das partes aéreas e raízes de V. tweediana. Os extratos mostraram atividades boas a moderadas.; The mixture of α-amyrin, β-amyrin and lupeol and pure palmitic acid were the main constituents isolated from chloroform extract of the aerial part of V. tweediana. Pure lupenyl palmitate and a mixture of α-amyril palmitate and β-amyril palmitate were isolated from chloroform extract of the roots. Their structures were established by chemical and spectroscopic methods. The biological activities of the hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the aerial parts and roots from V. tweediana were also investigated. The extracts showed good to moderated activities.

Toxicidade pré-clínica de fitoterápico contendo Gossypium herbaceum (Algodoeiro) em ratos Wistar

2016-03-30T17:19:17Z

Articulo Pre-Clinic toxicity of a phytotherapic containing Gossypium herbaceum (cotton plant) in Wistar rats Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 Avaliou-se a segurança de fitoterápico, constituído de extrato fluído de Gossypium herbaceum (algodoeiro) Tintura de Algodoeiro Cangeri®, através de estudos de toxicidade, tendo como base a resolução Nº 90, de 16 de março de 2004 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Para o teste de toxicidade em doses repetidas com duração de 30 dias de tratamento, formou-se quatro grupos de ratos Wistar, cada um constituído por 10 machos e dez fêmeas, tratados com 0,4 ml.kg , 2 ml.kg e 4 ml.kg , respectivamente a dose terapêutica indicada pelo fabricante para seres humanos adultos, 5 vezes e 10 vezes a dose terapêutica, além de um grupo controle, onde administrou-se o veículo do fitoterápico. Os resultados revelaram que os animais tratados com a dose terapêutica não mostraram alterações sistêmicas indicativas de toxicidade. As alterações observadas nas variáveis de ganho de massa corporal, dados hematológicos e de bioquímica sangüínea nos grupos tratados com as doses 5 e 10 vezes a dose terapêutica revelaram a ocorrência de toxicidade sistêmica, agravada com a elevação da dose.; The phytotherapic constituted by the fluid extract of Gossypium herbaceaum (cotton plant) Tintura de Algodoeiro Cangeri® was investigated from the potential of toxicological effects when orally administered to male th and female Wistar rats for 30 days. The studies were based in the resolution 90, March 16 , 2004 from the National Agency of Sanitary Vigilance (ANVISA). Four experimental groups were formed (10 animals/sex/dose) receiving daily doses of 0.4 ml.kg , 2 ml.kg and 4 ml.kg respectively the therapeutic dose recommended by the producer for adult humans, 5 times and 10 times the therapeutic dose, besides a control group treated with the phytotherapic vehicle. The results revealed the absence of systemic toxicity with the therapeutic dose. The alterations observed in the weight gain, hematological values and biochemical blood analyses in the doses equivalent to 5 and 10 times the therapeutic doses revealed systemic toxicity, in a dose related manner.

Diferentes estados de maduración de los frutos de Roystonea regia afectan su efecto sobre el aumento del tamaño de la próstata inducido por testosterona en ratas

2014-10-03T13:01:15Z

Articulo Different ripening stages of Roystonea regia fruits influence: their effects on testosterone-induced prostate enlargement in rats Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 En este trabajo se han comparado los efectos de extractos lipídicos obtenidos de los frutos de Roystonea regia de diferentes estados de maduración sobre la hiperplasia prostática inducida por testosterona en ratas. Frutos maduros, pintones y verdes fueron colectados y procesados para la obtención de extractos lipídicos, cuyo contenido de ácidos grasos fue analizado por cromatografía gaseosa. A medida que los frutos maduran la concentración de ácido láurico aumenta y el oleico disminuye, mientras que los otros ácidos presentaron pocos cambios en sus concentraciones. Los extractos con mayores concentraciones de ácido láurico fueron más efectivos en reducir el incremento del tamaño de la próstata inducido por testosterona.; The effects of lipid extracts from Roystonea regia fruits at different ripening stages on prostate hyperplasia induced with testosterone in rats were compared . Ripe, medium ripe and unripe fruits were collected and processed to obtain lipid extracts whose fatty acid contents were determined by gas chromatography. Lauric acid increased while oleic acid concentrations decreased, as per fruit ripening, while other fatty acids had little changes. Higher concentrations of lauric acid reduced prostate enlargement, meanwhile batches with low concentrations were ineffective.

Nuevas oxazinas con posible actividad antiparasitaria obtenidos por reacciones de hetero Diels-Alder

2013-10-17T12:02:29Z

Articulo Novel oxazines with potential antiparasitic activity obtained by hetero Diels-Alder reactions Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 Se prepararon 16 nuevas oxazinas con potencial actividad antiparasitaria por la reacción de Diels-Alder partiendo de dos series de dienos con estructuras diferentes (purpurogalina y derivados de cis-3,5-ciclohexadien- 1,2-dioles), y nitrosoarenos como dienófilos. La actividad biológica fué evaluada por ensayos in vitro frente a Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma cruzi y T. brucei rhodesiense. Algunas de las oxazinas mostraron actividad en el rango de 8-50 µM, y pudieran ser compuestos de cabeza para desarrollar nuevos medicamentos.; Sixteen novel oxazines with potential antiparasitic activity were prepared using Diels-Alder reactions, starting from two structurally different types of dienes (purpurogallin and substituted cis-3,5- cyclohexadien-1,2-diol derivatives), and nitrosoarenes as dienophiles. The biological activity was evaluated by in vitro assays against Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma cruzi and T. brucei rhodesiense. Some of these oxazines had activities in the range of 8-50 µM, and could be lead compounds in the development of novel drugs.

Aplicación del índice de estomas y de la diafanización foliar en la identificación de especies de muérdagos argentinos pertenecientes a Loranthaceae

2013-10-17T12:02:29Z

Articulo Use of stomatal index and leaf clearing in the identification of Argentine mistletoe species belonging to Loranthaceae Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 En Argentina crecen plantas hemiparásitas, como Ligaria cuneifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Tiegh. - Loranthaceae-, con supuestas propiedades hipotensoras por analogías con el "muérdago europeo" (Viscum album L. -Viscaceae-). Otros "muérdagos" empleados son Psittacanthus cordatus, Struthanthus angustifolius, S. uraguensis, Tripodanthus acutifolius, T. flagellaris, Tristerix corymbosus y Tr. verticillatus. Se realizaron diafanizaciones foliares para observar venación y distribución de esclereidas y de cristales, y determinación del índice de estomas en las especies nativas mencionadas. Los índices de estomas permitieron diferenciar especies de dos géneros, pero se superponen con los de L. cuneifolia. Las técnicas aplicadas constituyen una herramienta más para certificar especies en muestras usadas medicinalmente, pero se sugiere no emplear el índice de estomas como único criterio con ese fin; Hemiparasitic plants, as Ligaria cuneifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Tiegh. -Loranthaceae-, grow in Argentina. They have putative hypotensive properties due to morphological similarities with the "European mistletoe"; (Viscum album L. -Viscaceae-). Other employed "mistletoes" are Psittacanthus cordatus , Struthanthus angustifolius, S. uraguensis, Tripodanthus acutifolius, T. flagellaris, Tristerix corymbosus and Tr. verticillatus. Leaf clearing to study venation, stone cells and crystals distribution and stomatal index estimation were performed in the native mentioned species. Stomatal index values differentiated species from two genera, but they overlap with those of L. cuneifolia. These techniques may be considered as an additional tool for species identification in medicinal samples. Nevertheless, it is suggested that stomatal index should not be used alone for those purposes.

Associação da rutina com p-Metoxicinamato de Octila e Benzofenona-3: avaliação In vitro da eficácia fotoprotetora por espectrofotometria de refletância

2013-10-17T12:02:29Z

Articulo Rutin association with ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and benzophenone-3: in vitro evaluation of the photoprotection effectiveness by reflectance spectrophotometry Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 Existe a tendência atual de desenvolvimento de fotoprotetores possuindo reduzida concentração de filtros químicos e de proteção elevada frente às radiações UVA e UVB. O presente trabalho propôs a obtenção e a avaliação da eficácia in vitro de fotoprotetores contendo rutina, um flavonol glicosídico provido de propriedades antioxidantes, associada ou não a filtros solares orgânicos UVA (benzofenona-3) e UVB (p-metoxicinamato de octila). As formulações foram avaliadas in vitro por espectrofotometria de refletância com esfera integrada, quanto aos seguintes parâmetros: fator de proteção solar estimado (FPS), comprimento de onda crítico (nm) e razão UVA/UVB. A eficácia fotoprotetora da rutina a 0,1% p/p apresentou-se dependente da concentração e presença dos filtros químicos UVA e UVB, sendo que houve sinergismo na elevação do FPS, de 7,34 ± 0,24 para 9,97 ± 0,18, quando o flavonóide foi associado com os filtros nas concentrações mínimas. A rutina não associada aos filtros químicos exerceu proteção frente à radiação UVA superior à formulação ausente de compostos ativos e às suas associações.; There is a world tendency to the development of sunscreens possessing reduced concentration of UV filters and, yet, with high UVA-UVB protection. This research work proposes the development and in vitro efficacy evaluation of sunscreens containing rutin, an antioxidant flavonol, associated or not to UVA (benzophenone-3) and UVB (ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate) filters. Formulations were in vitro assayed by reflectance spectrophotometry with integrated sphere, regarding the following parameters: estimated sun protection factor (SPF), critical wavelength (nm) and UVA/UVB ratio. Rutin 0.1% w/w photoprotection efficacy presented dependent of the concentration and presence of the UVA and UVB filters, and it was verified synergism on the SPF elevation, from 7.34 ± 0.24 to 9.97 ± 0.18, when the flavonoid was associated with the filters in minimum concentrations. Isolated rutin exerted UVA protection superior to the formulation not added to UV filters and their associations.

Efecto del cieno de Acetileno sobre la reproducción en ratas

2013-10-17T12:02:29Z

Articulo Effect of carbide waste on reproduction of rats Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 1 El trabajo se realizó en el UTEX del Instituto Superior de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara, Cuba. Se utilizaron ratas Sprague Dawley, acoplándose a razón de 3 hembras por macho. Las hembras que fueron cubiertas fueron separadas aleatoriamente en 4 grupos: Control (agua), vehículo (aceite), cieno de acetileno y control positivo (ASA). Los animales fueron pesados al inicio del experimento y los días 6, 15 y 20. La administración de los tratamientos fue oral mediante cánula gástrica durante los días 6 al 14 de la gestación. Al día 20 se realizó la cesárea de las hembras, obteniéndose los fetos que fueron contados, sexados y pesados. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en cuanto al peso de las hembras en los distintos momentos, ni entre el peso del útero, y riñones para los diferentes grupos. Tampoco existieron diferencias estadísticas en cuanto al número de fetos y las reabsorciones fetales tempranas y tardías, que fueron escasas. Se encontraron diferencias (P < 0,01) para el peso promedio de los fetos, significativamente mas bajo en el grupo de ASA y en el peso del hígado, significativamente mayor (P < 0,05) en este propio grupo en relación a los controles. Se concluye que el Cieno de acetileno no produjo en las ratas gestadas ni evidencias de toxicidad.; The work was carried out at the UTEX in the Superior Institute of Medical Sciences of Villa Clara, Cuba. Sprague Dawley Rats was used, being coupled 3 females per male. The females that were covered were separated aleatorily in 4 groups: Control (sterile water), vehicle (vegetal oil), carbide waste and positive control (ASA). The animals were weighed in the beginning of the experiment and at days 6, 15 and 20. The administration of the treatments was oraly by means of gastric stem during the 6 to the 14 days of gestation. At day 20 were carried out the Caesarean operation of the females, being obtained the fetuses that were counted, sexed and weighed. They were not statistical differences for the weight of the females in the different moments of experiment, neither among the weight of the pregnant uterus, and kidneys for the different groups. Neither statistical differences existed for the number of fetuses and the early and late fetal reabsorptions that were scarce. They were differences (P < 0.01) for the average weight of the fetuses, significantly lower in the ASA group and in the weight of the liver, significantly bigger (P < 0.05) in this own group in relation to the controls. We conclude that the carbide waste didn?t take place toxicity evidences in the pregnant rats.