vol. 27, no. 03

Vanadio y sus complejos: el interés renovado en su bioquímica

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Revision Vanadium and its complexes: the renewed Interest in its biochemistry Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 Los estudios en el campo de la química bioinorgánica que exploran las interacciones entre los compuestos inorgánicos y los sistemas biológicos han crecido muy rápido en los últimos años. Algunos elementos y sus compuestos han despertado gran interés, particularmente el vanadio. Este trabajo es una revisión sobre el efecto del vanadio y sus complejos en la diabetes mellitus.; The field of bioinorganic chemistry, which explores the interactions between inorganic compounds and biological systems, has been growing rapidly in the last few years. Various elements and their compounds have attracted great interest, particularly vanadium. In this article we review the effect of vanadium and its complexes on diabetes mellitus.

Utilização de medicamentos por idosos inseridos em grupos de convivência do Município de Porto Alegre/RS/Brasil

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Articulo Medicine used by elderly people in acquaintanceship groups in the city of Porto Alegre/RS/Brazil Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 O objetivo desse trabalho foi descrever o consumo de medicamentos por grupos de idosos em Porto Alegre/RS. O modelo da pesquisa foi um estudo transversal; utilizou como instrumento de coleta de dados um questionário estruturado, amostragem intencional, sendo aprovado pelo CEP/UFRGS. A amostra foi composta por: 61 na classe A, 80 na classe C e de 84 na classe E. A maioria era do sexo feminino, com idade média de 70 anos. O número médio de medicamentos citados foi: na classe A = 5,34; C = 4,07; E = 4,28. Não se observou associação entre número médio de medicamentos e sexo dos entrevistados.; The study aims to describe the medicine consumption by elderly groups in Porto Alegre/RS. The research followed the transversal model, using to data collection a structured questionnaire, intentional sampling, which is approved by CEP/UFRGS. The sample was composed by: 61 in class A, 80 in class C and of 84 in class E. The sample was mostly by female sex, the mean age of the subjects was 70 years old. The medicine's mean number was: in classe A = 5.34; C = 4.07; E = 4.28. It was not observed an association between the mean number of medicines and the interviewed sex.

Avaliação da farmacoterapia de idosos residentes em instituições asilares no Nordeste do Brasil

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Articulo Evaluation of pharmacotherapy on elderly residents of nursing homes in the North-East of Brazil Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 Os dados referentes às prescrições e ao uso de medicamentos foram coletados a partir dos prontuários de 94 idosos de dois asilos no município de Aracaju (SE). A média de idade foi de 83,2 (DP = 10,1), com maioria pertencente ao gênero feminino (63,8%). A prevalência do uso de medicamentos foi de 87,2% e a média de medicamentos consumidos igual a 2,7 (DP = 1,8), predominando aqueles com ação no sistema cardiovascular e nervoso. No estudo foram observados polifarmácia (18,1%), uso de medicamentos inadequados (28,7%) e duplicidade terapêutica (11,7%) na amostra de idosos estudados. Os dados evidenciam a necessidade do aprimoramento e avaliação da qualidade da farmacoterapia de modo a promover o uso racional de medicamentos nesta faixa etária.; Data related to medication order and the use of medications was collected from 94 elderly medical records of two nursing homes of Aracaju (SE). The mean age was 83.2 (SD = 10.1), with most belonging to the females (63.8%). The prevalence of the use of drugs was 87.2% and the average of medicines consumed was equal to 2.7 (SD = 1.8), mainly with action in the cardiovascular and nervous systems. In this study, the elderly population studied presented polypharmacy (18.1%), inappropriate use of drugs (28.7%) and double therapy (11.7%). Data showed the need for improvement and evaluation of the quality of pharmacotherapy to promote rational drug use in the elderly population.

The process of drug dispensing and distribution at four Brazilian hospitals: a multicenter descriptive study

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Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 Fue realizado un estudio descriptivo multicéntrico en dos etapas: entrevista a los profesionales responsables de los sistemas de medicación y observación no participante del ambiente y de las actividades de dichos profesionales. Los resultados mostraron que solamente el hospital A tenía sistema de código de barras para la autorización y la prescripción por sistema computarizado. En todos los hospitales la autorización y distribución de por lo menos el 90% de los medicamentos era hecha en dosis individualizadas, pero en ninguno de los hospitales hubo evaluación de las prescripciones por los farmacéuticos. Los procesos de dispensación y distribución de los medicamentos en hospitales brasileños registran varios problemas, asociados principalmente a las condiciones del ambiente y a las inadecuaciones de las recetas.; A multicenter descriptive study was carried out in two steps: an interview with providers involved in the medication processes, and then non-participating observation of their environment and practices. Only one hospital was found to have a bar-coding, dispensing system connected to a computerized prescription system. In all participating hospitals at least 90% of the drugs were dispensed and distributed as unit doses, but in none of them did pharmacists assess prescriptions. The study findings showed that the processes of drug dispensing and distribution in Brazilian hospitals encounter several problems, mostly associated to work environment conditions and inadequacy in drug ordering and requests.

Aplicación de la legislación vigente relacionada con la prescripción y la dispensación de medicamentos empleando su nombre genérico

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Articulo Application of the in force legislation related to prescribing and dispensing drugs using their generic name Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 En Argentina no existen medicamentos genéricos, pero se promueve utilizar el nombre genérico de los medicamentos al prescribir y dispensar. Docentes de la carrera de Farmacia (Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba) llevaron a cabo un estudio conjunto con alumnos y farmacéuticos para evaluar la aplicación de las normativas vigentes, durante el segundo semestre del 2006. Se registraron 984 recetas: 53% fueron recetas no prescriptas (RpNP) y 65% sugerían nombres comerciales. El alto número de RpNP y de prescripción por marca dificultan el acceso a medicamentos cuando, optar entre diferentes nombres comerciales, no representaría riesgo de salud para los pacientes.; There are not generic drugs in Argentina, but the use of generic drug name to prescribe and dispense is promoted. Academics from Pharmacy career (School of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba) with students and pharmacists carried out study to evaluate the application of the norm enforce in Córdoba, during the second semester of 2006. Nine hundred and eighty four prescriptions were registered: 53% were not prescribed, and 65% suggested commercial names. The high number of not prescribed prescriptions and the use of trade marks difficult the access to medicines, specially when it would not represent a risk on patients' health.

Caracterización cinética y efecto de los flavonoides en la proteína linfocitaria humana tirosina fosfatasa

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Comunicacion Kinetic characterization and flavonoid effect on human lymphocyte protein tyrosine phosphatase Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar las propiedades cinéticas y evaluar el efecto de algunos bioflavonoides sobre la proteína humana linfocitaria tirosina fosfatasa. Tirosina-, serina- y treonina-fosfato fueron hidrolizadas por esta fosfatasa en un 60%, 20% y 10%, respectivamente. En los estudios cinéticos la actividad enzimática fue determinada usando p-nitrofenilfosfato (pNPP) como sustrato. La enzima presentó un pH optimo cercano a 5.0 y fue inhibida por p-cloromercuribenzoato (pCMB) 100 (M (80%), fluoruro 10 mM (35%), vanadato 10 mM (100%), y Cu+2 5 mM (85%). La enzima fue también fuertemente inhibida por un cóctel de inhibidores de tirosina fosfatasa, pero fue insensible al ácido okadaico. Estos resultados confirman que la mayor actividad fosfatasa en los linfocitos humanos es una proteína tirosina fosfatasa. Entre los bioflavonoides ensayados solamente la fisetina presentó un efecto inhibitorio en el orden del 80% sobre la actividad enzimática.; The aim of this work was to determine the kinetic properties and evaluate the effect of some flavonoids on human lymphocyte protein tyrosine phosphatase. Tyrosine-, serine- and threonine-phosphate were hydrolyzed by this phosphatase 60%, 20% and 10%, respectively. In the kinetic studies the enzymatic activity was determined by using p-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) as substrate. The enzyme presented optimum pH around 5.0 and was inhibited by 100 μM p-chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB) (80%), 10 mM fluoride (35%), 10 mM vanadate (100%), and 5mM Cu+2 (85%). The enzyme was also strongly inhibited by a tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor cocktail, but was unaffected by okadaic acid. These results confirm that the major phosphatase activity in human lymphocytes is a protein tyrosine phosphatase. Among the bioflavonoids tested only fisetin showed an inhibitory effect in order of 80% on the enzymatic activity.

Efecto del extracto Diclorometánico (DcM) de tallo de Kielmeyera coriacea en el catabolismo hepático de L-alanina en ratas

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Comunicacion Effect of Dichloromethane extract of Kielmeyera coriacea Stems on hepatic catabolism of L-Alanine in rats Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 En el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto del tratamiento con extracto diclorometánico (DcM) del tallo de Kielmeyera coriacea en el catabolismo hepático da L-alanina (5 mM) em ratas Wistar machos y hembras. Las ratas fueron tratadas diariamente con extracto DcM de K. coriacea (5 o 25 mg/kg) o igual volumen de vehículo (control) durante 90 días. Después de este período de tratamiento, los animales en ayunas (12 h) fueron anestesiados y sometidos a perfusión de hígado. Los hígados de ratas machos y hembras tratados con extracto DcM (5 ou 25 mg/kg) mostraron menor gliconeogénesis em relación a los hígados de los animales control. Además se obtuvo menor producción hepática de urea en ratas tratadas con extracto DcM (25mg/kg). Mientras tanto, el tratamiento com el extracto DcM (5 ou 25 mg/kg) no influenció la producción hepática de piruvato ni de L-lactato en comparación con el grupo control. Los resultados indican que el extracto DcM de tallo de K. coriaceainhibe la gliconeogénesis, sugiriendo la inhibición del metabolismo energético hepático.; The present study evaluates the effect of the treatment with dichloromethane (DcM) extract of Kielmeyera coriacea stems on hepatic catabolism of L-alanine (5 mM) in male and female Wistar rats. The rats were daily treated by gavage with DcM extract of K. coriacea (5 or 25 mg/kg) or an equal volume of vehicle (controls) during 90 days. After this period of treatment the animals were fasted (12 h), anaesthetized and submitted to liver perfusion. Livers from male and female rats treated with DcM extract (5 or 25 mg/kg) showed lower gluconeogenesis in comparison with livers from control animals. In addition, lower urea production was obtained in livers from female rats treated with DcM extract (25 mg/kg). However, the treatment with DcM extract (5 or 25 mg/kg) did not influence the hepatic production of pyruvate and L-lactate when compared with the control group. The results indicate that DcM extract of K. coriacea inhibits the gluconeogenesis, suggesting inhibition of the energetic metabolism in the liver.

Adaptación de un método de análisis por HPLC aplicable al estudio de estabilidad de gotas orales de Picosulfato de Sodio

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Comunicacion Adaptation of an analytical method by HPLC applicable to the stability testing of Sodium Picosulphate, oral drops Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 El Picosulfato de Sodio es un laxante indicado en el tratamiento del estreñimiento agudo y crónico. En este trabajo se adapta el método analítico por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución (CLAR), reportado en la Farmacopea Británica para la determinación de impureza A, en los estudios de estabilidad de gotas orales de Picosulfato de Sodio al 0,75 %. El método se basa en la separación del principio activo a través una columna cromatográfica Lichrosorb RP-18 (5 µm, 250 x 4 mm), con detección UV a 263 nm, para lo cual se emplea una fase móvil compuesta por acetonitrilo-buffer fosfato (pH 7,0) a concentración 0,067 M, de proporción 15:85. El método analítico resultó lineal, preciso, específico-selectivo, robusto y exacto en el rango de concentraciones estudiadas.; Sodium Picosulphate is a laxative, suitable for the treatment of sharp and chronic constipation. In this work the analytic method of Liquid Chromatography of High Resolution (HPLC), reported in the British Pharmacopeia for the impurity A determination, is adapted in the studies of stability of the Sodium Picosulphate 0.75%, oral drops. The method is based on the separation of the active principle into a chromatographic column Lichrosorb RP 18 (5 µm, 250 x 4 mm), with detection UV to 263 nm, using a mobile phase composed by 0.067 M acetonitrile-phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) in a relation 15:85. The analytic method was lineal, precise, specific-selective, robust and exact in the range of studied concentrations.

Determinación por CLAR de las vitaminas A y D en aceite de hígado de tiburón

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Comunicacion HPLC determination of vitamins A and D in the pool of shark liver oil Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 En este trabajo se desarrollan y validan las vitaminas A y D mediante dos métodos analíticos por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución (CLAR), aplicables al control de la calidad del Aceite de Hígado de Tiburón. Ambos métodos se basan en la separación de las vitaminas a través una columna cromatográfica Lichrosorb RP - 18 (5 µm, 25 cm x 4 mm), empleando una fase móvil compuesta por metanol-agua (98:2) y la cuantificación de las mismas frente a muestras de referencia empleando el método del estándar externo. Las longitudes de ondas empleadas fueron 325 y 254 nm, para la Vitamina A y D, respectivamente. Los métodos analíticos desarrollados resultaron lineales, precisos, específicos y exactos en el rango de concentraciones estudiadas.; In this work two analytic, easy and economic methods to determine vitamins A and D by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) applicable to the quality control of the Shark Liver Oil Pool were developed and validated. Both methods are based in the separation of the vitamins using a Lichrosorb RP - 18 (5 µm) chromatographic column (25 cm x 4 mm), and a mobile phase composed by methanol-water (98:2). The quantification was achieved by using the external standard method. Different wavelengths (325 and 254 nm) were selected to determine vitamins A and D, respectively. The analytic methods developed were lineal, precise, specific and exact in the range of the studied concentrations.

Desarrollo y validación de método analítico cromatográfico para la determinación de primaquina en tabletas de liberación prolongada

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Comunicacion Development and validation of RP- HPLC method for determination of Primaquine in extended release tablets Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 Un método de cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia (HPLC) fue desarrollado y validado para la determinación de difosfato de primaquina (PQ) en tabletas de liberación prolongada. Los parámetros de la validación dieron buenos resultados e incluyen: rango, linealidad, precisión, exactitud, especificidad y límites de detección y cuantificación. La separación en HPLC fue llevada a cabo con una columna C y una fase móvil compuesta de acetonitrilo, metanol, ácido perclórico 1M y agua, bombeados isocráticamente a un flujo de 1,0 ml/min, detección a 254 nm. La técnica propuesta demuestra ser apropiada para el análisis de rutina y ensayos de control de calidad de PQ en tabletas de liberación prolongada.; A RP-HPLC method was developed and validated to quantify primaquine diphosphate in extended release tablets. The validation parameters yielded good results and included the range, linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, detection and quantification limits. Isocratic chromatography was performed on a C column with a mobile phase composed by acetonitrile, methanol, 1 M perchloric acid and water, at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min using UV detection at 254 nm. The proposed technique demonstrated to be appropriate for routine analysis and quality control assays of PQ in extended release tablets.

Efeito do Gel de Nifedipina no tratamento de úlceras de pressão

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Articulo The effect of Nifedipine Gel in the treatment for pressure sores Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 O aparecimento da úlcera de pressão (Up) é uma lesão gradativa que pode alcançar diferentes estágios e levar á grandes perda de tecido, dentre as soluções indicadas. Para comprovar o efeito do gel de nifedipina no tratamento das Ups, foi selecionando um grupo de pessoas que apresentavam Ups, sendo divididas em: grupo controle (laserterapia e curativo padrão) e grupo teste (gel de nifedipina a 8% e laserterapia). Durante o acompanhamento destes pacientes as lesões do grupo controle apresentaram-se estagnadas, porém as UPs do grupo teste apresentaram uma diminuição significativa de seus diâmetros após 81 dias de tratamento. O gel de nifedipina apresentou-se como um ótimo tratamento para UPs acelerando o processo de cicatrização das mesmas.; Pressure Sore (PS) is a gradual lesion which can have different levels and lead to great tissue losses, among the suggested solutions. In order to prove the effect of nifedipine gel in the treatment for pressure sores (PSs), a group of people who suffered from PSs were selected and divided into two groups: control group (laser therapy and standard dressing) and test group (gel with 8% nifedipine and laser therapy). During the assistance to these patients, the lesions in the control group proved themselves stable while the PSs in the test group showed a slight reduction in their diameters after 81 days of treatment. Nifedipine gel has been proved to be a successful treatment for PSs, enhancing the healing process of the sores.

Caracterização física, físico-química e química da Turfa, lama sulfurosa e fango visando sua aplicação cosmética

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Articulo Physical, physicochemical and chemical characterization of turf, sulphur mud and fango for cosmetic application Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 Com intuito de elevar o potencial terapêutico e cosmético das águas termais, foram desenvolvidos diversos processos de adição de argilas e solos orgânicos às referidas águas cujo produto deste processo é o fango. O presente trabalho de pesquisa objetivou a caracterização física, físico-química e química (orgânica e inorgânica) da turfa, lama sulfurosa e fango em maturação e maturado, obtidos em Araxá, MG, Brasil, visando a aplicação do fango como matéria-prima de uso potencial cosmético e terapêutico em preparações tópicas. A caracterização da turfa, lama sulfurosa e fango permitiram determinar os parâmetros relevantes para o emprego do fango em preparações tópicas, garantindo a eficácia (presença de íons) e segurança (ausência de metais reconhecidamente tóxicos) de uso, indicando seu elevado potencial aplicativo na área cosmética.; Focusing on the therapeutic and cosmetic potentials of the thermal water, several processes were developed to achieve a raw material known as fango which presents in its constitution water, clay and organic soil. This research work aimed at characterizing turf, sulphur mud and fango from Araxá, MG, Brazil, through physical, physicochemical, inorganic and organic assessments for cosmetic and topical product proposes. The characterization permitted the determination of relevant parameters to suggest the efficacy (presence of ions) and safety (absence of toxic metals) of those raw materials for cosmetic and pharmaceutical utilization.

Efeitos antinociceptivo e antiinflamatório do extrato etanólico das folhas de Duguetia lanceolata St.-Hil. (Annonaceae)

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Articulo Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Duguetia lanceolata St.-Hil. (Annonaceae) leaves ethanol extract Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 Duguetia lanceolata St.-Hil. (Annonaceae), popularmente conhecida como pindaíba, é usada na medicina popular como antiinflamatório, cicatrizante e antimicrobiano. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos antinociceptivo e antiinflamatório do extrato etanólico das folhas de D. lanceolata através dos testes de contorções abdominais, formalina, placa quente e edema de pata. O extrato etanólico reduziu, significativamente (p < 0,05), as contorções abdominais (10 mg/kg = 58,37 ± 1,90; 50 mg/kg = 54,37 ± 2,14; 100 mg/kg = 41,50 ± 2,04 e 200 mg/kg = 34,25 ± 1,76) quando comparado ao grupo controle. Ambas as fases do tempo da lambida da pata foram inibidas (p < 0,05): 1ª fase (50 mg/kg = 72,50 ± 1,97; 100 mg/kg = 65,87 ± 2,27 e 200 mg/kg = 47,75 ± 2,20 e 2ª fase (50 mg/kg = 71,87 ± 2,78; 100 mg/kg = 64,25 ± 1,72 e 200 mg/kg = 56,62 ± 2,32). Após 30 min de tratamento, o tempo de latência sobre a placa quente aumentou a partir da dose 50 mg/kg (7,62 ± 0,50) com efeito máximo na dose de 200 mg/kg (12,87 ± 0,87). As doses de 50, 100 e 200 mg/kg tiveram efeito significativo ao reduzir o edema de pata. Estes resultados sugerem que D. lanceolata pode constituir uma fonte de substâncias ativas com efeitos antinociceptivo e antiinflamatório.; Duguetia lanceolata St.-Hil. (Annonaceae), popular known as pindaíba, is used in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, cicatrizing and antimicrobial. The aim of the present study was to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of D. lanceolata ethanol extract by acetic acid writhing, paw licking induced by formalin, hot plate and paw edema tests. The ethanol extract reduced (p < 0.05) the abdominal contortions (10 mg/kg = 58.37 ± 1.90; 50 mg/kg = 54.37 ± 2.14; 100 mg/kg = 41.50 ± 2.04 and 200 mg/kg = 34.25 ± st 1.76) when compared with control group. Both phases of paw lick were inhibited (p < 0.05): 1 phase (50 mg/kg nd = 72.50 ± 1.97; 100 mg/kg = 65.87 ± 2.27 and 200 mg/kg = 47.75 ± 2,20 and 2 phase (50 mg/kg = 71.87 ± 2.78; 100 mg/kg = 64.25 ± 1.72 and 200 mg/kg = 56.62 ± 2.32). After 30 min of treatment, the reaction time on the hot plate increased since dose 50 mg/kg (7.62 ± 0.50) with maximal effect at dose 200 mg/kg (12.87 ± 0.87). The doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg had significant effect to reduce the paw edema. These results suggest that D. lanceolata could constitute a source of active substances with antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects.; Duguetia lanceolata St.-Hil. (Annonaceae), popularmente conhecida como pindaíba, é usada na medicina popular como antiinflamatório, cicatrizante e antimicrobiano. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos antinociceptivo e antiinflamatório do extrato etanólico das folhas de D. lanceolata através dos testes de contorções abdominais, formalina, placa quente e edema de pata. O extrato etanólico reduziu, significativamente (p < 0,05), as contorções abdominais (10 mg/kg = 58,37 ± 1,90; 50 mg/kg = 54,37 ± 2,14; 100 mg/kg = 41,50 ± 2,04 e 200 mg/kg = 34,25 ± 1,76) quando comparado ao grupo controle. Ambas as fases do tempo da lambida da pata foram inibidas (p < 0,05): 1ª fase (50 mg/kg = 72,50 ± 1,97; 100 mg/kg = 65,87 ± 2,27 e 200 mg/kg = 47,75 ± 2,20 e 2ª fase (50 mg/kg = 71,87 ± 2,78; 100 mg/kg = 64,25 ± 1,72 e 200 mg/kg = 56,62 ± 2,32). Após 30 min de tratamento, o tempo de latência sobre a placa quente aumentou a partir da dose 50 mg/kg (7,62 ± 0,50) com efeito máximo na dose de 200 mg/kg (12,87 ± 0,87). As doses de 50, 100 e 200 mg/kg tiveram efeito significativo ao reduzir o edema de pata. Estes resultados sugerem que D. lanceolata pode constituir uma fonte de substâncias ativas com efeitos antinociceptivo e antiin- flamatório.

Baccharis crispa y Baccharis trimera (Asteraceae): revisión y nuevos aportes para su normalización micrográfica

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Articulo Baccharis crispa and Baccharis trimera (Asteraceae): a review and new contributions for their micrographic normalization Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 Especies del género Baccharis, comúnmente llamadas "carquejas", son ampliamente utilizadas como medicamentos fitoterápicos y en la medicina vernácula. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron: (i) realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre los diferentes estudios llevados a cabo en dos especies con tallos alados: B. crispa Spreng. y B. trimera (Less.) DC. y (ii) determinar, en un estudio poblacional, nuevos caracteres micrográficos diacríticos cualitativos y cuantitativos tales como la red vascular, perímetro del tallo, número y tamaño de las estructuras secretoras esquizógenas del tallo y ala, largo del ala, índice, tamaño y número de estomas por mm y número de "nidos" de tricomas por mm. Los resultados obtenidos permiten sustentar la identidad de estas especies al estado de droga cruda.; Species of genus Baccharis namely "carquejas" are widely used in popular medicine. The objectives of the present work were: (i) to perform a bibliographic review of different studies carried out in B. crispa Spreng. and B. trimera (Less.) DC. species, both with winged stems; (ii) to determine diacritic quantitative new micrographic characters (venation pattern, stem perimeter, number and shape of schizogenous secreting structures in the stem and the wing, wing length, stomata number and dimentions, stomatal index, trichome nests density). Results support the species identity at crude drug state.

Análisis cualitativo de propóleos cubanos por cromatografía en capa delgada

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Articulo Qualitative analysis of Cuban propolis by thin layer chromatography Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 Se propone una técnica analítica de Cromatografía en Capa Delgada (CCD), utilizando placas de Sílica gel GF₂₅₄, como fase móvil la mezcla hexano:acetato de etilo (7:3) y como reveladores Ce(SO₄)₂/H₂ SO₄ y vainillina/H₂ SO₄. Esta técnica resultó válida, permitiendo la identificación y diferenciación de los tres tipos de propóleos cubanos hasta el momento identificados. Se estudiaron 60 muestras que fueron agrupadas en propóleos pardos, rojos y amarillos, según estudios cromatográficos y espectroscópicos previos. Las condiciones cromatográficas utilizadas así como el uso de compuestos aislados, posibilitó la observación de manchas características correspondientes con los marcadores químicos de cada uno de los tipos de propóleos estudiados; Analytical Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) using Silica gel plates of GF₂₅₄, hexane: ethyl acetate (7:3) as solvent system and, Ce(SO₄)₂/H₂ SO₄ and vanillin / H₂ SO₄ as general developer, was carried out. The developed chromatographic procedure was validated, allowing the identification and differentiation of the three types of Cuban propolis. We analyzed 60 propolis samples from different regions of Cuba, classified in type I, II and III, according to previous chromatographic and spectroscopic studies. Chromatographic conditions used for each group as well as the use of isolated compounds from the propóleos type I and II as patterns, facilitated the observation of characteristic stains corresponding with the chemical markers of each one of the propolis types.

Tamarindus indica L. ("tamarindo"): evaluación del potencial mutagénico y antioxidante

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Articulo Tamarindus indica L. ("tamarindo"): evaluation of the mutagenic and antioxidant potential Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el potencial mutagénico y antioxidante de un extracto hidroalcohólico al 70% de la corteza de T. indica L. a través de los ensayos de: Salmonella/Microsoma (Test de Ames) para reversión bacteriana, inducción de micronúcleos en médula ósea de ratón, reducción de DPPH, peroxidación lipídica y secuestro de radicales OH. El extracto evaluado no resultó mutagénico con las cepas de Salmonella typhimurium TA-1535, TA-1537, TA-98 y TA-100 cuando se ensayaron concentraciones en un rango de 312 a 5000 µg/placas en un protocolo de incorporación en agar. Sin embargo en el ensayo in vivo de inducción de micronúcleos en médula ósea de ratón se emplearon dosis hasta 2000 mg/kg de peso corporal mostrando resultados positivos, ya que produjo un aumento significativo en la frecuencia de micronúcleos en los eritrocitos policromáticos de la médula ósea en todas las dosis evaluadas. En los ensayos de actividad antioxidante mostró valores de IC < 30 µg/ml y IC < 32 µg/ml en la reducción de DPPH y en la inhibición de la peroxidación lipídica respectivamente lo que indica que tiene potencialidad como secuestrador de radicales libres.; The objective of this work was to evaluate the mutagenic and antioxidant potential from a hydroalcohol extract to 70% of bark the T. indica L. by the Salmonella/microsome (Ames Test) assays for bacterial revertion, mouse bone marrow micronucleus test, DPPH reduction assay, lipid peroxidation and scavening of OH radical. The extract evaluated was not mutagenic with the strains of Salmonella typhimurium TA-1535, TA-1537, TA-98 and TA-100 when concentrations were assessed in a range from 312 to 5000 µg/plate in a protocol of incorporation in agar; however in the assays of mouse bone marrow micronucleus were used doses until 2 000 mg/kg of w.b., showing positive results, where a significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in all the evaluated doses was produced . In the assays of antioxidant activity the extract showed values of IC <30 µg/ml in DPPH reduction and IC < 32 µg/ml in inhibition of lipid peroxidation, indicating good potential as free radical scavenger.

Isolamento, composição química e atividade anti-inflamatória do óleo essencial do Pericarpo de Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. de acordo com hidrodestilações sucessivas

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Articulo Isolation, chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. fruit peels essential oil according to successive hydrodistillations Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 Neste estudo foi realizada a obtenção e a caracterização da composição química do óleo volátil do pericarpo de C. langsdorffii (copaiba) proveniente de Alfenas - MG de acordo com hidrodestilações sucessivas, assim como sua atividade anti-inflamatória foi avaliada através de modelo de edema de pata de rato. A composição química do óleo foi determinada por análise de CG-EM. Os principais componentes foram (E)-cariofileno, germacreno B, 1,5-epoxisalvial-4(14)-eno, óxido de cariofileno e isoespatulenol. O processo inflamatório foi inibido em 39 ± 6% (p<0,05, Tukey-Kramer) por uma amostra de óleo essencial. O pericarpo de C. langsdorffii é uma fonte rica em óleo essencial (3,8% m/m), e devido ao potencial interesse industrial de seus componentes esse ecotipo apresenta cultura viável buscando produtividade, e que poderia constituir uma boa alternativa para a utilização sustentável desta espécie.; In this study, the isolation and characteriza- tion of chemical composition of C. langsdorffii (copaiba) fruit peel volatile oil from Alfenas - MG was carried out according to successive hydrodistillations, likewise the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by rat paw edema model. The chemical composition of the oil was determined by GC-MS analysis. The major components were (E)-caryophyllene, germacrene B, 1,5-epoxysalvial-4(14)-ene, caryophyllene oxide and isospathulenol. The inflammatory process was inhibited in 39 ± 6 % (p<0.05, Tukey-Kramer) by one sample of essential oil. The C. langsdorffii fruit peel is a rich source of essential oil (3.8% w/w), and due to potential industrial interest of its components this ecotype presents feasible crop seeking productivity and it could constitutes in a good alternative to the sustainable use of this specie.

Avaliação da atividade antiinflamatória crônica do extrato etanólico de Bouchea fluminensis (Verbenaceae)

2013-10-17T12:02:29Z

Articulo Antiinflammatory activity of the Bouchea fluminensis (Verbenaceae) etanolic extract Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 O emprego de recursos naturais no tratamento de distintas doenças tem ressurgido com intensidade nos últimos anos. Trabalhos anteriores realizados com a espécie vegetal Bouchea fluminensis, apontam seu potencial antiinflamatório em processos agudos. O presente trabalho avaliou o efeito do extrato etanólico em modelo de granuloma em ratos. Durante 7 dias, foram administrados por via oral 25, 50 e 100 mg/kg de extrato etanólico de B. fluminensis, no grupo controle positivo indometacina 5 mg/kg. Após o período de tratamento, a formação dos granulomas foram avaliados, revelando que o granuloma nos animais tratados com extrato nas concentrações de 50 e 100 mg/kg foram significativamente diminuídos. Adicionalmente, a determinação de produtos avançados da oxidação de proteínas mostrou que em todas as doses testadas do extrato foram significativamente diferentes ao grupo controle (água). A relação dose efeito teve um coeficiente de correlação de 0,97. A concentração efetiva média para B. fluminensis foi de 47,26 mg/kg (Min. 40,04 mg/kg; Max. 54,49 mg/kg). A utilização deste marcador para avaliar os efeitos antiinflamatórios do extrato vegetal em modelo de granuloma em ratos se mostrou mais sensível do que o método gravimétrico.; The use of natural resources in the treatment of different diseases has increased with intensity in the last years. Previous works accomplished with the botanical specimen Bouchea fluminensis, had shown the antiinflammatory potential in acute inflammatory processes. The present work evaluated the effect of the ethanolic extract in granuloma test in rats. For 7 days, 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg of ethanol extract of B. fluminensis were administered orally in the control positive group indometacina 5 mg/kg was used. After treatment, the granuloma formation was evaluated, revealing that the granuloma in the group of animals treated with plant extract in the concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/kg were significantly decreased. Additionally, the determination of advanced products of proteins oxidation showed that in all the tested doses of the extract were significantly different compared with the control group (p < 0.01). The relationship between the dose and effect had a coefficient of correlation of 0.97. The effective concentration of B. fluminensis extract was of 47.26 mg/kg (Min. 40.04 mg/kg; Max. 54.49 mg/kg). The use of this marker to evaluate the antiinflammatory effects of the vegetable extract in granuloma model in rats was shown to be more sensitive than traditional gravimetric method.

Liberación deTetraciclina de películas de Quitosano

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Articulo Tetracycline release from Chitosan films Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 El trabajo describe un sistema de dispositivo de liberacíon lenta de droga de una película de quitosano cargada de tetraciclina con efecto antibiótico sostenido. Las películas de quitosano (CF) que contenían tetraciclina fueron preparadas empleando ácido acético. Las películas fueron expuestas al tratamiento de calor a 90 ºC, 120 ºC o 150 ºC (HCF). El efecto del tratamiento térmico en la resistencia al agua de las películas de quitosano y sobre la liberacíon de tetraciclina fue investigado. El tratamiento de calor aumentó a un mayor grado la resistencia de agua de las películas de quitosano. El tratamiento de calor disminuyó la liberación de la tetraciclina del HCF en comparación con CF. La actividad antibiótica de la tetraciclina de la película de quitosano y la película de quitosano sometida al tratamiento térmico a 150 ºC fue prolongada por 23 días aproximadamente. Los resultados indicaron que la película de quitosano puede ser de utilidad en la liberacíon controlada de tetraciclina en el tratamiento sitio-específico de la enfermedad periodontal.; A drug release system of a tetracycline loaded chitosan film with sustained antibiotic effect is described. Chitosan films (CF) containing tetracycline were prepared by casting method using acetic acid. The films were exposed to heat treatment at 90 ºC, 120 ºC or 150 ºC (HCF). The effect of heat treatment on the water resistance to the chitosan films and tetracycline release was investigated. Heat treatment increase to a greater extent the water resistance of chitosan films. Heat treatment decreases the releases of tetracycline of the HCF when compared with CF. The antibiotic activity of tetracycline in chitosan film and heat-treated chitosan film at 150 ºC was prolonged for 23 days approximately. The results indicated that the chitosan film was useful in tetracycline release such as for site-specific tetracycline controlled release in treatment of periodontal disease.

Redistribución del flujo sanguíneo luego del transplante renal y su impacto en las concentraciones de Ciclosporina

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Articulo Blood flow redistribution during renal posttransplant period and its impact on Cyclosporine concentration Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 27, no. 3 Dos estudios independientes fueron llevados a cabo para relacionar creatinina sérica y concentración sanguínea de ciclosporina. En 8 y 14 pacientes transplantados renales respectivamente, se determinaron concentraciones de valle (C0 ) y curvas concentración-tiempo luego de administrarles oralmente ciclosporina cada 12 h. Se obtuvo correlación negativa entre C0 y creatinina sérica (p < 0,01). También fue significativa (p < 0,001) la correlación positiva encontrada entre la depuración aparente de ciclosporina (CL/F) y la concentración de creatinina. Se obtuvieron los siguientes valores medios ± error estándar para creatinina sérica y CL/F: 1,9 ± 0,2 mg.dL–1 y 16 ± 2,1 L.kg–1 día–1. durante el primer mes post-transplante; 1,4 ± 0,2 mg.dL–1 y 11 ± 1,9 L.kg–1 día–1. luego de 1 mes post-injerto. Desde que el riñón es injertado la irrigación del órgano evoluciona en concordancia con su adaptación al paciente, lo que determina una modificación del flujo sanguíneo relativo dirigido hacia los órganos eliminadores (hígado, intestino). La farmacocinética de ciclosporina cambia así durante el período post-transplante, siendo la creatinina sérica un buen reflejo de la variable depuración de la droga y de la funcionalidad renal del paciente.; Two independent studies were carried out in order to investigate cyclosporine blood level vs. serum creatinine relationships. Trough drug concentrations (C0 ) and concentration-time curves were determined in 8 and 14 renal transplant patients respectively. Apparent drug clearances (CL/F) were calculated following twice daily oral doses. A significant negative correlation between C0 and serum creatinine was found (p < 0.01). Significant positive correlation was also obtained between CL/F and serum creatinine (p < 0.001). Mean ± standard error for serum creatinine and CL/F were: 1.9 ± 0.2 mg.dL–1 and 16 ± 2.1 L.kg–1 day–1. during the first month after transplantation; 1.4 ± 0.2 mg.dL–1 and 11 ± 1.9 L.kg–1 day–1. after 1 month post-graft. After surgery, graft blood supply evolves accordingly the kidney adapts to the recipient subject, which determines the relative blood flow delivered to eliminating organs (liver, intestine). Cyclosporine pharmacokinetics changes throughout the time after the operation and serum creatinine, more than a simple biomarker of renal function, becomes an effective cyclosporine CL/F predictor in kidney recipients