vol. 24, no. 01

Enfoque filosófico-histórico de la interdisciplina en las ciencias de la salud

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Articulo Philosophical-historic view of the interdicipline in health sciences Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 24, no. 1 El presente trabajo realiza un abordaje filosófico a través de la historia del concepto de interdisciplina, desde sus raíces en la Grecia antigua hasta la actualidad, aportando una visión que pretende ser superadora la cual desemboque en una transdisiplina necesaria para lograr la mejora de la calidad de vida del paciente, supremo fin de nuestras ciencias.; This work makes a philosophical approach throughout history about the concept of interdiscipline, from its roots in the ancient Greek to the modern times, giving a view which seek to be surmounting, which allow us to arrive to a neded transdiscipline for improving the patients quality of health, that is our spreme objective in our sciences.

A árvore nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss): múltiplos usos

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Articulo The Neem tree (Azadirachta indica): wide-ranging uses Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 24, no. 1 O Nim é uma árvore milenar, nativa da Índia, que vem sendo utilizada há séculos para os mais variados fins. Suas atividades medicinais e praguicidas têm sido fonte de grande interesse na pesquisa científica. A planta fornece grande número de metabólitos secundários com atividade biológica, sendo a azadiractina considerada de maior importância ecológica. A pesquisa envolvendo a planta vem crescendo nos últimos anos, devido à procura por métodos ambientalmente seguros no controle de pragas, sendo evidente que a árvore pode desempenhar um papel importante no manejo integrado de sistemas, e também devido aos seus comprovados efeitos medicinais.; Neem is a millenary tree native to India where it has traditionally been used for centuries for treatment of human ailments and pest control. The Neem tree has fascinated scientists from various fields of research as its secondary metabolites find use in agriculture and medicine. A large number of biologically active compounds have been isolated from it; the best known among them is azadirachtin, which is considered to be of the most ecological importance. Studies on the various parts of the tree have been increased significantly and its active principles have interesting potential for use in integrated pest management and alternative medicines.

Análise do nível de informação sobre medicamentos antimicrobianos por pacientes de um centro de saúde de Porto Alegre, Brasil

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Articulo Analysis of the level of information on antimicrobial drugs that have patients of a healthcare center in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 24, no. 1 O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o nível de informação do paciente sobre a prescrição de medicamento antimicrobiano. O estudo foi realizado em um Centro de Saúde da cidade de Porto Alegre. Foram entrevistados pacientes que obtiveram medicamento antimicrobiano na farmácia da referida instituição e afirmaram ser responsáveis por seu tratamento. Dentre 91 pacientes entrevistados, 81 (89%) sabiam corretamente o nome do medicamento, 82 (90%) a dose, 66 (73%) a freqüência de administração e 51 (56%) a duração do tratamento. Nenhum paciente demonstrou conhecimento sobre algum efeito adverso. O total de respostas consideradas adequadas foi alcançado por 33 (36%) pacientes. Entrevistados que possuíam maior escolaridade apresentaram maior conhecimento sobre a freqüência de administração e a duração do tratamento.; The objective of the study was to assess the level of information that patients have regarding the prescription of antimicrobial medications. The study was carried out at a healthcare center in the city of Porto Alegre. Patients who had obtained antimicrobial medications at the pharmacy of this institution and affirmed that they were responsible for their own treatment were interviewed. Out of 91 patients who were interviewed, 81 (89%) knew the name of the medication correctly, 82 (90%) the dose, 66 (73%) the frequency of administration and 51 (56%) the duration of the treatment. No patient demonstrated knowledge of any adverse effects. The total number of responses considered adequate was attained by 33 (36%) patients. Interviewees who had reached higher education level presented greater knowledge regarding the frequency of administration and the duration of treatment.

¿Qué se entiende por automedicación?

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Articulo What must be understood as self-medication? Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 24, no. 1 La automedicación es el uso de medicamentos, sin receta, por iniciativa propia de las personas y el autocuidado es el conjunto de actividades realizadas por el paciente, sin la asistencia de profesionales de la salud. El objetivo de esta comunicación es considerar los medicamentos de venta libre, el papel del farmacéutico en la automedicación y los errores habituales de la misma. Los medicamentos de venta libre disponibles al público deben ser eficaces y seguros. Los errores habituales de la automedicación se observan en los siguientes fármacos: analgésicos, antibióticos y antihistamínicos. Se concluye que la educación sanitaria y la información al paciente deben ser las herramientas del farmacéutico en la farmacia comunitaria para que la automedicación responsable sea una conducta adquirida por el paciente.; Self-medication is the use of drugs without prescription, to own people initiative and self-care is the joint activities performed by the patient, without health professional assistance. The aim of this communication is to consider the over the counter drugs (OTC), the role of pharmacist in the self-medication and the usual mistakes of the self-medication. The OTC drugs available to public must be effective and secure. The most usual mistakes of self-medication are observed in the following drugs: analgesics, antibiotics and antihistaminics. It is concluded that the education and information to the patient must be the pharmacist's tools at the pharmacy in order to the responsible self-medication must be an acquired behavior to the patient.

Medicamentos huérfanos: una revisión necesaria para un problema sanitario no resuelto

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Articulo Orphan drugs: a necessary revision for a not resolved health problem Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 23, no. 1 Los medicamentos huérfanos aparecen oficialmente asociados al diagnóstico, la prevención o el tratamiento de las enfermedades raras o pocos frecuentes. Sin embargo, cuando esta relación se vuelve muy restrictiva, quedan muchas necesidades farmacoterapéuticas insatisfechas. La presente revisión describe la evolución de diversos aspectos relacionados a esta problemática, tales como definiciones y marco regulatorio de "enfermedades raras" y "medicamentos huérfanos" en diferentes países (EE.UU., Japón, Australia, Comunidad Europea). En Argentina no se contempla este tema en normativas específicas, lo que dificulta su análisis epidemiológico y la búsqueda de soluciones adecuadas y oportunas para los pacientes.; Orphan drugs are officially associated to diagnosis, prevention or treatment of rare diseases. However, if this relationship becomes very restrictive, many pharmacotherapeutic necessities may remain unsatisfied. In the present revision diverse aspects related to this theme, such as definitions and regulations of "rare diseases" and "orphan drugs" in different countries (USA, Japan, Australia, European Community) and their evolution are described. In Argentina, this issue is not considered by specific regulations. So that its epidemiological analysis and the search of timely adequate solutions for patients turns frequently difficult.

Produtos à base de plantas medicinais comercializados em Pernambuco - Nordeste do Brasil

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Articulo Medicinal plants products traded in Pernambuco - Northeastern Brazil Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 24, no. 1 No Brasil existe um mercado sólido e crescente de produtos à base de plantas medicinais. Além das tradicionais ervarias, produtos industriais são vendidos livremente em drogarias e supermercados. Este estudo se propõe a realizar uma análise exploratória sobre os produtos à base de plantas comercializados em drogarias da cidade do Recife - estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. Em 54 estabelecimentos de duas grandes redes foi realizada coleta de dados com preenchimento de um formulário padronizado, em que foram transcritas as informações do rótulo de cada produto como nome, composição vegetal, forma farmacêutica e indicações terapêuticas. Estas informações foram organizadas em planilhas e trabalhadas estatisticamente, sendo possível avaliar a quantidade de produtos e plantas, formas de uso, processos tecnológicos utilizados e associações de espécies. Constatou-se que nestes estabelecimentos são comercializados 584 produtos, entre formas sólidas (285), líquidas (266) e semi-sólidas (33), sendo predominante o uso de baixa tecnologia e formas farmacêuticas simples, com um grande número de associações de espécies vegetais. A maioria desses produtos não atende as recomendações da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) no que diz respeito ao uso de nomenclatura oficial adequada, e é constituída sem base científica, ficando evidente o descaso das indústrias com as determinações dos órgãos reguladores e a dúvida com relação à qualidade desses produtos.; In Brazil there is a developed and growing market of medicinal plant products. Traditional and industrial products are freely traded in drugstores. This work proposes an analysis of products traded in the city of Recife - Pernambuco State, in Northeastern Brazil. Data were collected in 54 drugstores using a standardized guide for transcription of name, plant composition, pharmaceutical form and therapeutic actions. The amounts of products and numbers of plants, users information, technology and plants mixtures were evaluated. 584 products were traded in these drugstores: 285 in solid forms, 266 in liquid forms and 33 in semi-solid forms, with low degrees of technology, in simple pharmaceutical forms and a great number being plant mixtures. Most of these products do not follow the National Agency of Sanitary Vigilance (ANVISA) recommendations in respect to the official nomenclature and scientific basis for uses.

Evaluación de la prescripción de antimicrobianos en las infecciones respiratorias agudas en menores de cinco años

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Comunicacion Assessment of the prescription of antimicrobials in acute respiratory infections in children under five years old Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 24, no. 1 Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en cinco consultorios del Policlínico de Cumanayagua, Cienfuegos, Cuba, entre enero y abril de 2004. Se estudiaron 134 niños menores de cinco años con diagnóstico de infecciones respiratorias agudas con la intención de caracterizar las mismas y evaluar el comportamiento de la prescripción de antimicrobianos. Se realizó un muestreo bietápico y se analizaron diferentes variables. Las infecciones respiratorias altas fueron las más frecuentes (85,6% episodios) y dentro de ellas, el catarro común y la rinofaringitis. Los antimicrobianos más prescriptos fueron la amoxicilina (31,2%) y la penicilina G (27,4%). Se observó que el error más frecuente en la terapéutica antimicrobiana fue la selección del fármaco (79,0%) y que el 73,2% de las prescripciones se consideraron inadecuadas.; A descriptive retrospective study was carried out in 5 consulting rooms from the Policlinic of Cumanayagua town council, Cienfuegos, Cuba from January to April 2004. One hundred and thirty four children under 5 years old of age and with a diagnosis of an acute respiratory infection were studied in order to characterize them and assess the pattern of the prescription of antimicrobials. A two stage sample was performed and some variables were analyzed. Upper respiratory infections were the most frequent (85.6%) and among them cold and rhinopharyngitis. The antimicrobials most prescribed were amoxicillin (31.2%) and penicillin (27.4%). It was observed that the most common mistake was the antimicrobial selection (79.4%) and that the 73.2% of the prescriptions were not adequate.

Desenvolvimento e validação de metodologia analítica para anti-retroviral Zidovudina (AZT)-matéria-prima

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Articulo Development and validation of the analitical metodology to antiretroviral zidovudine (AZT) raw material Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 24, no. 1 Tempo, custo e eficiência são pontos essenciais para a indústria farmacêutica, razão pela qual desenvolveu-se uma metodologia espectrofotométrica, alternativa a análise em cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) preconizada pela USP24¹, com o objetivo de quantificar a zidovudina (AZT) maté- ria-prima. Foi utilizada a concentração de 10 µg/mL no solvente água por promover solubilidade adequada, fácil manipulação e economia, representando baixo custo. A varredura foi realizada entre 190 nm a 700 nm, onde o comprimento de onda médio de maior absorção em replicatas foi 268,0 nm. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de: linearidade, robustez e precisão. Atendendo as exigências da ANVISA-Brasil (Agência Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitária) Resolução 899/2003 2 , verificou-se que o método é robusto, preciso e linear.; Time, cost and efficiency are essential considerations in the pharmaceutical industry, therefore the spectrophotometry methodology was developed as an alternative to high-efficiency liquid chromatography (HLPC), as determined by the USP24¹, with the aim of quantifying Zidovudine (AZT) raw material. A concentration of 10 µg/ml in the water solvent was used for adequate solubility, manipulation and cost. The assay was performed from 190 nm to 700 nm, where the average wavelength at greatest replicate absorption was 268 nm. The parameters linearity, robustness and precision were analysed. Considering the requirements of ANVISABrazil (National Agency for Sanitary Vigilance) Resolution 899/2003 2 , the method proved to be robust, precise, and linear.

Determinación por cromatografía gaseosa de los productos de degradación térmica de las tabletas con 10 mg de policosanol

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Articulo Determination by gas chromatography of the thermal degradation products of the 10 mg policosanol tablets Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 24, no. 1 Se desarrolló y validó un método analítico para la determinación de los palmitatos y estearatos de hexacosanilo, octacosanilo y triacontanilo, productos de degradación térmica de las tabletas de policosanol - 10 mg. El método se basa en la extracción de dichos productos con n-hexano y su posterior análisis por cromatografía gaseosa (CG) en columna de relleno, con el empleo de estearato de docosanilo como patrón interno, previo cálculo de los factores másicos de respuesta con patrones sintetizados para este fin. La evaluación del método mostró que éste responde linealmente en un intervalo de concentraciones correspondiente a 2,5 - 30% de degradación, con recobrados (99,77 - 100,90%) que no se diferenciaron significativamente del 100% según la prueba t de Student para p= 0,05. Además, presentó una buena precisión (CVs < 4%) en condiciones de repetibilidad y de precisión intermedia. Los límites de detección y cuantificación: 0,003 y 0,011 mg respectivamente, demostraron que el método permite la determinación de estos productos en tabletas con menos de un 2% de degradación.; An analytical method for determining hexacosanyl, octacosanyl and triacontanyl palmitates and stearates, all thermal degradation products of 10 mg-policosanol tablets, was developed and validated. The method is based on the extraction of these products with n-hexane and their further gas chromatography (GC) analysis using a packed column and docosanyl stearate as internal standard, previous calculation of the mass correction factors with standards synthesized for such aim. The assessment of method demonstrated that it was linear in a concentration range from 2.5 to 30% of degradation, with recoveries (99.77 - 100.90%) not significantly different from 100% for p = 0.05, according to the Student t test. Also, the method has a good precision in repeatability and intermediate precision conditions, according to the coefficient of variation (CV < 4%). The limits of detection and quantification: 0.003 and 0.011 mg, respectively, demonstrate that the method can be used even for tablets with less than a 2% of degradation extent.

Identificación micrográfica de las hojas de Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. & Endl.) H. Robinson (Asteraceae)

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Comunicacion Micrographic identification of leaves of Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. & Endl.) H. Robinson (Asteraceae) Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 24, no. 1 Se ha realizado el análisis micrográfico de hojas de Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. & Endl.) H. Robinson, que se comercializan para la elaboración de té con fines medicinales. Se aplicó la técnica de disociado leve con solución acuosa de NaOH al 5% a 100 °C durante 5 min. Los caracteres de valor diagnóstico están representados por dos tipos diferentes de pelos tectores 3-10-celulares, unos cónicos, rígidos y de base ancha y otros flexuosos y con base no ensanchada; los pelos glandulares sésiles, de cabeza pluricelular biseriada, constituyen una referencia complementaria. Estos elementos son útiles para efectuar control de calidad botánico en muestras de droga vegetal muy fragmentada, como se presenta el material en el mercado.; A micrographic survey on Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. et Endl.) H. Robinson leaves, which are employed for medicinal infusions, was performed by means of soft disgregation with aqueous NaOH 5% at 100 °C during 5 min. The most significant features are the non-glandular hairs: 3-10-cellular, cone-shaped, stiff and enhancing towards the basis; 3-10-cellular flexuous not so wide at the basis as the others. The sessile glandular hairs with pluricellular and biseriate head, typical for a great number of the Asteraceae, do not provide a certain evidence to characterize the species. These data are useful to achieve quality control of commercialized products, when leaves appear in small pieces.

Contenido de acido 5-cafepoilquínico y cafeína en bebidas de yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis)

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Comunicacion The chlorogenic acid and caffeine content of yerba maté (Ilex paraguariensis) beverages Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 24, no. 1 El objetivo de este trabajo fue el de analizar el contenido de cafeína y ácido 5-cafeoilquínico (5-cqa) en bebidas tales como chimarrão, tererê y maté té. La determinación de estos compuestos se realizó por HPLC. Las bebidas a base de yerba mate son de gran consumo en América del Sur, contienen grande cantidades de compuestos bioactivos, entre ellos cafeína, que posee actividad estimulante, y los ácidos clorogénicos, que actúan como antioxidantes. Una "cuia" de chimarrão de 500 mL contiene 135 mg de cafeína y 226 mg de 5-cqa y una "cuia" de tererê contiene 85 mg de cafeína y 163 mg de 5-cqa. Una taza de182 mL de té ("mate cocido") contiene 13 mg de cafeína y 16 mg de 5-cqa. Estos datos pueden ser utilizados para determinar el consumo de compuestos bioactivos de estas bebidas.; The contents of caffeine and 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5 cqa) in three yerba maté beverages (chimarrão, tererê and maté tea) were determined in this study. Analyses were performed by HPLC. Yerba maté (Ilex paraguariensis) is widely consumed in South America. It is rich in phenolic acids, which are absorbed by the body and may act as antioxidants or as free radical scavengers. One "cuia" (the apparatus used to drink chimarrão and tererê, comprising 500 mL) of chimarrão contains 135 mg of caffeine and 226 mg of 5-cqa. One "cuia" of tererê contains 85 mg of caffeine and 163 mg of 5-cqa. One cup (182 mL) of maté tea contains 13 mg of caffeine and 16 mg of 5-cqa. These data can be used to establish the dietary intake of bioactive compounds in these beverages.

Determinación de hipericina en especies de Hypericum crecidas en Cuba

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Comunicacion Determination of hypericin in Hypericum species grown in Cuba Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 24, no. 1 Tres especies de Hypericum crecidas en Cuba se colectaron, secaron y molieron en estaciones y años diferentes. El material vegetal se extrajo con metanol y se realizó el análisis para determinar el contenido de hipericina mediante HPTLC y HPLC de fase reversa. No se encontró hipericina en las especies de Hypericum analizadas.; Three species of Hypericum grown in Cuba were collected in different seasons and years, dried and powered. The plant material was extracted with methanol and analyzed by HPTLC and reverse phase HPLC for hypericin content. In the species of Hypericum analyzed hypericin was not found.

Avaliação do efeito do óleo de jojoba na regeneração cutânea

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Articulo Evaluation of jojoba oil effect in the cutaneous regeneration Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 24, no. 1 Entre os inúmeros óleos vegetais empregados nos produtos cosméticos, o óleo de jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) vem ganhando notoriedade científica, principalmente no processo de estimulação da regeneração cutânea. Sendo assim objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o efeito da aplicação do óleo de jojoba na regeneração cutânea de ratos, por meio de análise histopatológica da lesão. Avaliou-se o processo de reparo cutâneo nos tempos 7 e 14 dias realizando a contagem do número de fibroblastos, fibrócitos e leucócitos em áreas pré-determinadas da lesão. O óleo de jojoba demonstrou-se eficaz por acelerar o processo de regeneração cutânea.; Among the innumerable vegetal oils employed in the cosmetic products, the jojoba oil (Simmondsia chinensis) has been winning scientific fame, mainly in the stimulation process of the cutaneous regeneration. Like this, the aim of this work was to verify the jojoba oil effect in the cutaneous regeneration of mice, through hystopathological analysis of the injury. It was evaluated the cutaneous repair process in the 7th and 14th days and it was carried out the counting of the fibroblasts, fibrocytes and leukocytes number in previous determined areas of the injury. The jojoba oil demonstrated efficient for accelerating the cutaneous regeneration process.

Análisis preliminar antiulcerogénico y químico de las partes aéreas de Trixis divaricata Sprengel

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Articulo Preliminary anti-ulcerogenic and chemical analysis of the aerial parts of Trixis divaricata Sprengel Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 24, no. 1 El extracto hidroalcohólico de las partes aéreas de la Trixis divaricata Sprengel (EHT) administrado oralmente en la dosis de 1000 mg.Kg-1, reveló significativa actividad antiulcerogénica en modelos de úlcera inducida por la indometacina y alcohol etílico en ratas. Flavonoides y taninos fueron identificados en la realización del "Screening" fitoquímico del extracto hidroalcohólico.; The hydro alcoholic extract of the aerial parts of Trixis divaricata Sprengel (HET), given orally at a dose of 1000 mg.Kg-1, showed significant anti-ulcerogenic activity in a model of ulcer induced by indomethacin and absolute alcohol in rats. Flavonoids e tannins were identified during the phytochemical screening of the hydro alcoholic extract.

Efecto citotóxico y clastogénico en linfocitos humanos de la fracción de 5α, 8α- epidioxiesteroles de la esponja marina Ircinia campana del Caribe colombiano

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Comunicacion Cytotoxic and clastogenic effects on human lymphocytes of the fraction 5α, 8α-epidioxysterols of the marine sponge Ircinia campana of Colombian Caribbe Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 24, no. 1 En este trabajo se evaluaron los efectos citotóxico y clastogénico, con colorante vital azul de tripano y mediante el ensayo cometa, respectivamente, de la fracción de 5α, 8α-epidioxiesteroles obtenida de la esponja marina, Ircinia campana (clase Demospongia) colectada en el Caribe Colombiano. Se evaluaron tres concentraciones 422,5, 42,25 y 4,22 mg/mL de la fracción extraída por métodos fisicoquímicos, para determinar su potencial efecto citotóxico y clastogénico sobre los linfocitos de sangre periférica humana. Los resultados revelaron que las concentraciones 422,5 mg/mL y 42,2 mg/mL fueron citotóxicas, mientras que la concentración 4,22 mg/mL no mostró efecto citotóxico sobre los linfocitos. El análisis estadístico de la cuantificación de los cometas obtenidos reveló que las dos concentraciones mayores evaluadas (422,5 mg/mL y 42,25 mg/mL) para la fracción de 5α, 8α-epidioxiesteroles mostraron efecto genotóxico en linfocitos humanos de sangre periférica, mientras que la concentración menor evaluada (4,22 mg/mL) no mostró el mismo efecto. Esto sugiere que el daño ocasionado por esta fracción es dependiente de la dosis y que además se deben realizar otras pruebas mutagénicas y sobre el ciclo celular con el fin de complementar la batería de pruebas requeridas para una sustancia con potencial farmacéutico, sobre las mismas cé- lulas comparados con los respectivos controles.; Clastogenic and cytotoxic effects of the fraction of 5α, 8α-epidioxysterols of the marine sponge Ircinia campana (class Demospongia) collected in the Colombian Caribbean, by comet and exclusion assays with the pigment tripane blue, respectively, was evaluated. Three concentractions: 422.5 mg/mL, 42.25 mg/mL y 4.22 mg / mL of the fraction extracted with physic-chemical methods was evaluated for determinate its effect on the lymphocytes of human periferic blood. The results showed that the highest concentrations, 422,5 mg/mL and 42,25 mg/mL were cytotoxic, while what the concentration 4.22 mg/mL did not show genotóxico effect on the lymphocytes. The statistic analysis of the quantification of comets showed that the higher concentrations evaluated (422.5 mg/mL y 42.25 mg/mL) for the fraction of 5µ, 8µ-epidioxysterols showed genotoxic effects on human lymphocytes of periferic blood, while the lower concentration evaluated (4.22 mg/mL), did not show the same effect. This result suggests this fraction owe to be evaluated with other mutagenic assays and on the cellular cycle tests for achieve more complete information about its potential pharmaceutical use.

Morfoanatomia foliar e caulinar de Leonurus sibiricus L., Lamiaceae

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Articulo Leaf and stem morpho-anatomy of Leonurus sibiricus L., Lamiaceae Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 24, no. 1 Leonurus sibiricus L. é uma herbácea pertencente à família Lamiaceae, denominada comumente de rubim e macaé, e empregada na medicina tradicional como diurética, estomáquica, hipotensora e reguladora da circulação. O presente estudo analisou a morfoanatomia foliar e caulinar dessa planta medicinal, com o objetivo de contribuir na sua identificação. Folhas adultas e fragmentos de caules foram submetidos às técnicas usuais de microscopia fotônica e eletrônica de varredura. As folhas são simples, opostas cruzadas e profundamente divididas. A epiderme do limbo é uniestratificada e possui estômatos anomocíticos, tricomas tectores e glandulares peltados e capitados em ambas as faces. O mesofilo é dorsiventral e a nervura central e o pecíolo possuem feixes vasculares colaterais em arco aberto. O caule revela secção quadrangular, com costelas evidentes. A epiderme caulinar é uniestratificada e apresenta numerosos tricomas semelhantes à folha. No córtex, observam-se colênquima lamelar e angular, parênquima cortical e bainha amilífera. A organização vascular é típica, ocorrendo calotas de esclerênquima apostas ao floema. Cristais de oxalato de cálcio estão presentes na folha e no caule.; Leonurus sibiricus L. is a herbaceous species which belongs to the Lamiaceae family, commonly known as motherwort and employed in the traditional medicine as diuretic, stomachic, hypotensive and for circulatory disorders. This study has analysed the leaf and stem morpho-anatomy of the medicinal plant, aiming to contribute to its identification. Mature leaves and stem fragments were prepared according to light and scanning microscopic techniques. The leaves are simple, decussate and dissected. The blade epidermis is single-layered and has anomocytic stomata, non-glandular and peltate and capitate glandular trichomes on both surfaces. The mesophyll is dorsiventral and the midrib and petiole present collateral bundles as an open arc. The stem transection is quadrangular with evident ribs. The caulinar epidermis is uniseriate and shows many trichomes similar to the leaf. In the cortex, it occurs lamellar and angular collenchyma, cortical parenchyma and starch sheath. The vascular organization is typical, occurring sclerenchymatic caps adjoining the phloem. Calcium oxalate crystals are seen in the leaf and stem.

Avaliação de comprimidos revestidos por película contendo alta concentração de produto seco por aspersão de Phyllanthus niruri

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Articulo Evaluation of film coated tablets containing high amount of Phyllanthus niruri spray dried extract Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 24, no. 1 O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a viabilidade do revestimento pelicular de comprimidos contendo alto teor de produto seco por aspersão (PSA) de Phyllanthus niruri visando proteção frente à variações atmosféricas. Os comprimidos foram elaborados por compressão direta sendo utilizado Eudragit E como polímero de revestimento. Foram avaliadas as características mecânicas dos comprimidos, conteúdo de polifenóis e sorção de umidade. O estudo revelou que a velocidade de sorção de água nos comprimidos revestidos foi consideravelmente mais lenta que nos sem revestimentos. Todos os comprimidos apresentaram adequadas características tecnológicas. A presença de umidade nos comprimidos, durante o armazenamento em ambiente com umidade relativa de 65% ou 75%, não provocou mudança no perfil de dissolução nem alteração no conteúdo de polifenóis dos mesmos.; The aim of this work was to evaluate the feasibility to obtain film coated tablets containing high doses of Phyllanthus niruri spray dried extract with the purpose of atmospheric protection. The tablets were produced by direct compression using Eudragit E as film coating. The mechanical characteristics, poliphenolic content and humidity sorption of the tablets were evaluated. The kinetics of humidity sorption was slower in the coated tablets than in the uncoated one. All tablets showed adequate technological characteristics. The humidity sorption of the tablets during storage at an environment with 65% or 75% of relative humidity neither changed the dissolution behavior nor the poliphenolic content of the tablets.

Cinética de la radioactividad total (RT) tras la administración oral y endovenosa de dosis únicas de ácido 3H-octacosanoico a ratas

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Articulo Kinetics of Total Radioactivity (TR) after the oral and endovenouse administration of single doses of 3H-octacosanoic acid in rats Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 24, no. 1 El D003 es una mezcla de ácidos grasos alifáticos de muy alto peso molecular aislada y purificada de la cera de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.), cuyo componente principal es el ácido octacosanoico. También están presentes los ácidos triacontanoico, dotriacontanoico y tetratriacontanoico. Asumiendo la similitud estructural de los componentes, así como que el componente mayoritario de la mezcla es el ácido octacosanoico, los estudios farmacocinéticos del D003 se realizaron siguiendo la farmacocinética del ácido 3H-octacosanoico. Tanto tras la administración oral como endovenosa (iv) del 3H-octacosanoico (40 mg/kg), la caída de la radiactividad total (RT) es muy lenta, observándose valores elevados del t1/2 de eliminación. Tras la absorción la RT se distribuye notablemente en diferentes tejidos, aunque el hígado es el órgano donde más se localiza a lo largo de todo es estudio. Durante las primeras 6 h la RT se distribuye preferentemente en hígado, estomago e intestino delgado, donde las concentraciones son superiores a las del plasma. Las concentraciones de RT en tejido adiposo al inicio son bajas, pero posteriormente se incrementan gradualmente. Por la vía oral, la vía excreción de la RT es principalmente por heces (63,3%) aunque por la orina se excreta un 24,7% de la dosis administrada. Por ambas vías, la eliminación de la RT es lenta, lo cual es congruente con la marcada distribución y retención tisular de la RT. La absorción del compuesto marcado a través del tracto gastrointestinal es rápida, a juzgar por los niveles de RT plasmática a los 15 min y el máximo de concentración observado a los 30 min. La biodistribucion de RT sugiere la absorción a nivel de estómago e intestino delgado. La cantidad absorbida, estimada de acuerdo al cociente de excreción renal tras la administración oral y endovenosa del compuesto marcado, fue de un 61,15%. Durante las primeras h posteriores a la administración oral, la mayor parte de la RT presente en hígado y plasma esta asociada a la fracción lipídica, lo cual resulta congruente con la naturaleza del compuesto administrado. Sin embargo, la disminución del porcentaje de RT asociada al extracto lipídico respecto a la total del tejido hepático en el tiempo, sugiere la posible degradación paulatina del ácido. La aparición de radioactividad en fosfolípidos, triglicéridos y esteres de colesterol del tejido hepático y del plasma indica la posible esterificación del ácido octacosanoico o de sus metabolitos a estos compuestos lipídicos. Un porcentaje alto de la RT plasmática se transporta en las lipoproteínas, preferentemente en la fracción donde migran las VLDLs, lo cual es congruente con el incremento paulatino de la RT en tejido adiposo.; D003 is a mixture of higher aliphatic primary alcohols purified from sugar cane wax in which octacosanoic acid is its main component, followed by triacontanoic, dotriacontanoic and tetracosanoic acid. Bearing in mind not only this fact, but also considering the very close structural relationships among the components of the mixture, we follow 3H-octacosanoic pharmacokinetic as relevant surrogate for D003 pharmacokinetics. After both, oral and endovenous (iv) route, plasma elimination of total radioactivity (TR) slowly decline, as judge by the elimination half-life. After absorption, TR was extensively distributed in the different tissues, but the highest amount of radioactivity was present in liver throughout the study. Within the first 6 h, radioactivity was also preferably located in stomach and small bowel. Radioactivity found in plasma was lower that those found in these organs. At the beginning of the experiment, TR found in adipose tissue was low, however, these values increased thereafter. After oral administration, TR was primarily excreted by feces (63.3%), although urine excretion accounted 24.7% of the administered dose. The excretion profile after both routes indicated a rather slow elimination of TR, which agrees with the extensive distribution and retention of radioactivity in tissues. The maximun concentration of radioactivity in plasma occurred 30 min after oral dosing. This fact together with the level of radioactivity attained in plasma within the first 15 min, indicates a rapid absorption of the labeled compound. Tissue distribution suggest that absorption might occur in stomach and small bowel. Absorption accounted for 61.15%. Within the first hours after oral dosing the total radioactivity in plasma and liver was almost completely extracted by chloroform:methanol. However, the radioactivity of lipid extract decreased thereafter, suggesting octacosanoic acid degradation. Within the first 2 h plasma and hepatic TR was located in phospholipids, cholesteril esters and triglicerides, which suggest that octacosanoic acid and probably octacosanoic metabolites have been sterified. At two hours it was found that part of the plasma radioactivity was located in lipoprotien fractions mainly in VLDLs. Thus, the increase of TR in adipose tissue, suggest that part of it was stored in the fat pool of the adipose tissue.

Desarrollo y evaluación de formulaciones de amoxicilina por compresión directa: influencia de los adyuvantes sobre las propiedades fisicomecánicas y biofarmacéuicas de los comprimidos

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Articulo Development and evaluation of amoxicillin formulations by direct compression: Influence of the adjuvants on physicomechanical and biopharmaceutical properties of the tablets Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 24, no. 1 Formulaciones de amoxicilina 500 mg fueron desarrolladas por el método de compresión directa utilizando planeamiento factorial 2³. Ocho formulaciones diferentes fueron planeadas y analizadas considerando tres niveles: el tipo de celulosa microcristalina (Avicel® PH-102 o Avicel® PH-200), la presencia o ausencia de lactosa liofilizada y la presencia o ausencia de agente superdesintegrante, croscarmelosa sódica. Los parámetros utilizados para la evaluación de los comprimidos fueron: peso medio, espesor y diámetro, friabilidad, concentración de amoxicilina (ensayo iodométrico), tiempo de desintegración y perfil de disolución. Una formulación adecuada de comprimidos de amoxicilina 500 mg deberían conetener en su composición celulosa microcristalina tipo Avicel® PH-102 y el agente superdesintegrante croscarmelosa sódica (Ac-di-sol® SD-711).; The amoxicillin 500 mg formulations were developed by direct compression using a 2³ factorial design. Eight different formulations were carried out and they were analyzed considering three levels: the type of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel® PH-102 or Avicel® PH-200), the presence or absence of spray-dried lactose, and the presence or absence of the superdisintegrant agent, croscarmellose sodium. Average weight, thickness and diameter, hardness, friability, amoxicillin concentration (iodometric assay), disintegration time, and dissolution profile were the parameters used for the tablets evaluation. Considering all evaluated parameters, a suitable amoxicillin 500 mg tablet formulation should present the microcrystalline cellulose type Avicel® PH-102 and the superdisintegrant agent, croscarmellose sodium (Ac-disol ® SD-711), in its composition.

Caracterización anatómica de las especies de apio cimarrón (Ammi majus, Apium sellowianum, Cyclospermum leptophyllum: Apiaceae)

Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Articulo Apio cimarrón species, its anatomical characterization (Ammi majus, Apium sellowianum, Cyclospermumleptophyllum: Apiaceae) Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense; vol. 24, no. 1 En el presente trabajo se estudiaron las características histomorfológicas de los órganos aéreos y disemínulos de Ammi majus L, Apium sellowianum H. Wolff y Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague, especies de la familia Apiaceae conocidas con el nombre vulgar de "apio cimarrón" y empleadas en medicina popular. Los caracteres micrográficos tienen un valor primordial en el reconocimiento de especies. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo fue obtener microcaracteres del tallo, hoja y disemínulos para elaborar una tabla comparativa que permita distinguir las tres especies. Los principales caracteres diagnósticos fueron: el número y distribución de los espacios secretores, la presencia de microcristales, la presencia de sectores con la epidermis papilosa, la estructura de la vena media, el contorno del pecíolo en corte transversal y en los disemínulos, la forma de las costillas, de la cara comisural y el número de vitas oleíferas por valécula.; This paper includes the histomorphological analysis of aerial organs and disseminules of Ammi majus L, Apium sellowianum H. Wolff and Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague (Apiaceae), all of them known as "apio cimarrón" and used in popular medicine. Micrographic characters have primordial value to recognise the species. Therefore, our objective was to analyze microcharacters of stem, leaves, and disseminules to elaborate a comparative table with the principal features that distinguish the three species. The main differential traits were: the number and distribution of secretory spaces, microcrystals presence, the sectorial presence of epidermal papillae, the midvein structure, the petiole transection outline, the disseminules rib shapes, the commissural face shapes, and the vittae numbers into each valleculae.