http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18242 Sun, 15 Nov 2026 07:31:23 GMT 2026-11-15T07:31:23Z http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18278 Comunicacion Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 3 A simple, rapid and selective HPLC method was developed for the determination of a novel phenolic acid constituent in rat plasma, salvianolic acid L (SAL), extracted from the dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen). Plasma samples were extracted by ethyl acetate after addition of the internal standard tinidazole. The appropriate separations were achieved using a C18 column with the mobile phase composed of a mixture of acetonitrile/water/formic acid (35:65:0.1, v/v/v) at the flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, and the wavelength of determination by diode-array detector (DAD) detection was 327 nm. Good linearity (r = 0.9996) was obtained within the concentration of 0.05-50 μg/mL. The intra- and inter-day assay precisions ranged from 0.60 to 5.91% and 3.52 to 7.00%, respectively. The accuracy was between 95.8 to 103.8%. In addition, the stability and extraction recovery involved in the method were also validated. This method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetic study of SAL in rats after a single intravenous administration dose of 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/kg, respectively. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18278 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z A simple, rapid and selective HPLC method was developed for the determination of a novel phenolic acid constituent in rat plasma, salvianolic acid L (SAL), extracted from the dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen). Plasma samples were extracted by ethyl acetate after addition of the internal standard tinidazole. The appropriate separations were achieved using a C18 column with the mobile phase composed of a mixture of acetonitrile/water/formic acid (35:65:0.1, v/v/v) at the flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, and the wavelength of determination by diode-array detector (DAD) detection was 327 nm. Good linearity (r = 0.9996) was obtained within the concentration of 0.05-50 μg/mL. The intra- and inter-day assay precisions ranged from 0.60 to 5.91% and 3.52 to 7.00%, respectively. The accuracy was between 95.8 to 103.8%. In addition, the stability and extraction recovery involved in the method were also validated. This method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetic study of SAL in rats after a single intravenous administration dose of 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/kg, respectively. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18277 Comunicacion Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 03 Tynanthus micranthus, a plant species belonging to family Bignoniaceae, is widely used on the northwest region of Paraná state as stimulant and aphrodisiac. The lack of studies about this specie motivated the research for phytochemical evaluation and some biological activities of the plant. Toxicity studies of the ethanolic extracts and fractions of the species investigated were performed in Artemia salina eggs in addition to antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extracts against species of some bacteria strains. The results indicated the presence of β-sitosterol steroid in the hexane fraction and apigenin flavone in the chloroform fraction, both isolated from the stalk. Some fractions developed toxicity over Artemia salina and its extracts showed to be lethal causing death of certain bacterial strains. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18277 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Tynanthus micranthus, a plant species belonging to family Bignoniaceae, is widely used on the northwest region of Paraná state as stimulant and aphrodisiac. The lack of studies about this specie motivated the research for phytochemical evaluation and some biological activities of the plant. Toxicity studies of the ethanolic extracts and fractions of the species investigated were performed in Artemia salina eggs in addition to antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extracts against species of some bacteria strains. The results indicated the presence of β-sitosterol steroid in the hexane fraction and apigenin flavone in the chloroform fraction, both isolated from the stalk. Some fractions developed toxicity over Artemia salina and its extracts showed to be lethal causing death of certain bacterial strains. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18276 Comunicacion Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 03 A simple and fast HPLC method has been validated for the determination of clotrimazole in nanocapsule suspensions prepared from an acrylic polymer, Eudragit RS100®. Chromatographic runs were performed on a RP C18 column with a mobile phase comprising methanol and water (90:10, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with UV detection at 229 nm. The method was shown to be specific, linear (r = 0.9987), precise and accurate in a concentration range of 2.0-10.0 μg/mL. The proposed method can be successfully used to quantify clotrimazole content in acrylic nanocapsule formulations, as well as to estimate drug encapsulation efficiency. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18276 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z A simple and fast HPLC method has been validated for the determination of clotrimazole in nanocapsule suspensions prepared from an acrylic polymer, Eudragit RS100®. Chromatographic runs were performed on a RP C18 column with a mobile phase comprising methanol and water (90:10, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with UV detection at 229 nm. The method was shown to be specific, linear (r = 0.9987), precise and accurate in a concentration range of 2.0-10.0 μg/mL. The proposed method can be successfully used to quantify clotrimazole content in acrylic nanocapsule formulations, as well as to estimate drug encapsulation efficiency. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18275 Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 03 The aim of this research was to determine and compare the distribution by sex and age of pharyngoamygdalitis cases and analyze quantitatively and qualitatively the applied treatments in Hospitals A (HA) and B (HB) of San Luis city, Argentina. An observational, descriptive, transversal and indication-prescription’s study was carried out. Diagnoses and drugs were classified and the prescriptions were analyzed. Amoxicillin in HA and penicillin G benzathine in HB were mainly prescribed. Antihistamines, mucolytics and antitussives of non-elevated therapeutic value were used. There was widespread use of dipyrone, two NSAIDs were administered simultaneously and non-specific drugs were prescribed. The use of antibiotics in a self-limiting and predominantly viral disease, the high use of injectable drugs, with an inadequate cost/benefit ratio, and of non-elevated therapeutic value are behaviors that lead to the emergence of resistance, adverse reactions and unnecessary expenses. This fact brings to the conclusion that there was a misuse of drugs for pharyngoamygdalitis in San Luis. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18275 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The aim of this research was to determine and compare the distribution by sex and age of pharyngoamygdalitis cases and analyze quantitatively and qualitatively the applied treatments in Hospitals A (HA) and B (HB) of San Luis city, Argentina. An observational, descriptive, transversal and indication-prescription’s study was carried out. Diagnoses and drugs were classified and the prescriptions were analyzed. Amoxicillin in HA and penicillin G benzathine in HB were mainly prescribed. Antihistamines, mucolytics and antitussives of non-elevated therapeutic value were used. There was widespread use of dipyrone, two NSAIDs were administered simultaneously and non-specific drugs were prescribed. The use of antibiotics in a self-limiting and predominantly viral disease, the high use of injectable drugs, with an inadequate cost/benefit ratio, and of non-elevated therapeutic value are behaviors that lead to the emergence of resistance, adverse reactions and unnecessary expenses. This fact brings to the conclusion that there was a misuse of drugs for pharyngoamygdalitis in San Luis. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18274 Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 03 The present study was focused in evaluating the chemical composition, the anti-edematogenic and antioxidant activities of essential oil obtained from Trichilia silvatica (EOTS) leaves. The EOTS was extracted by hydrodistillation and their analyses were performed by GC/MS. The main compounds identified in the EOTS were sesquiterpenes. Furthermore, the EOTS exhibited antioxidant and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. The oral administration of EOTS (100 and 300 mg/kg), significantly inhibited the carrageenan (Cg) induced rat paw edema. The observed inhibitions were 54 ± 7 and 49 ± 6 % (100 mg/kg) for EOTS and 68 ± 6 % and 66 ± 11 % for dexamethasone after 2 and 4 h after Cg-injection, respectively. In conclusion, the present work showed for the first time, that the anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil seem to be mainly associated with the high levels of sesquiterpene in the leaves of this plant. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18274 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The present study was focused in evaluating the chemical composition, the anti-edematogenic and antioxidant activities of essential oil obtained from Trichilia silvatica (EOTS) leaves. The EOTS was extracted by hydrodistillation and their analyses were performed by GC/MS. The main compounds identified in the EOTS were sesquiterpenes. Furthermore, the EOTS exhibited antioxidant and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. The oral administration of EOTS (100 and 300 mg/kg), significantly inhibited the carrageenan (Cg) induced rat paw edema. The observed inhibitions were 54 ± 7 and 49 ± 6 % (100 mg/kg) for EOTS and 68 ± 6 % and 66 ± 11 % for dexamethasone after 2 and 4 h after Cg-injection, respectively. In conclusion, the present work showed for the first time, that the anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil seem to be mainly associated with the high levels of sesquiterpene in the leaves of this plant. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18273 Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 3 A variety of approaches have been studied in the past to overcome the problems encountered with the delivery of antifungal, for effective treating of oral and vaginal candidiasis. In this study, a novel mucoadhesive tablets with pH-independent drug release characteristic was prepared by chitosan and carbopol® 71G interpolymer complex (IPC) claims for multipurpose use. Precipitation method is employed for preparation of IPC followed by characterization with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Bucco-Vaginal Miconazole nitrate (MN) compacts were prepared by direct compression using IPC. The formulations were tested for physicomechanical properties, in vitro drug release (buccal and vaginal pH), swelling studies and mucoadhesion strength. The dissolution of MN from all the prepared tablets into the phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and simulated vaginal fluid pH 4.2 (SVF) were controlled and followed non-fickian Release mechanism. Formulations containing IPC showed pH independent controlled Miconazole nitrate release without an initial burst release effect in both buccal and vaginal pH. Furthermore, F14 formulations showed satisfactory bioadhesive property and controlled release MN than all other formulations. However, the suitable combination of polymer with IPC exhibited the controlled release MN and satisfactory bioadhesive property with surface erosion along with swelling approached Zero-order release. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18273 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z A variety of approaches have been studied in the past to overcome the problems encountered with the delivery of antifungal, for effective treating of oral and vaginal candidiasis. In this study, a novel mucoadhesive tablets with pH-independent drug release characteristic was prepared by chitosan and carbopol® 71G interpolymer complex (IPC) claims for multipurpose use. Precipitation method is employed for preparation of IPC followed by characterization with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Bucco-Vaginal Miconazole nitrate (MN) compacts were prepared by direct compression using IPC. The formulations were tested for physicomechanical properties, in vitro drug release (buccal and vaginal pH), swelling studies and mucoadhesion strength. The dissolution of MN from all the prepared tablets into the phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and simulated vaginal fluid pH 4.2 (SVF) were controlled and followed non-fickian Release mechanism. Formulations containing IPC showed pH independent controlled Miconazole nitrate release without an initial burst release effect in both buccal and vaginal pH. Furthermore, F14 formulations showed satisfactory bioadhesive property and controlled release MN than all other formulations. However, the suitable combination of polymer with IPC exhibited the controlled release MN and satisfactory bioadhesive property with surface erosion along with swelling approached Zero-order release. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18264 Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 3 This project was designed for the evaluation of different effects of toxic dosage levels of piroxicam in broiler chickens. For this project, one hundred healthy broiler chickens were purchased from the market and were reared up to 28 days. These fifty birds were divided into two groups A and B, having twenty five birds in each group. On day 29th , group A was medicated with piroxicam twice a day at dose rate of 1 mg/kg body weight intra-muscularly (I/M) for four days. Birds from group B were kept as control. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. A physical examination was performed daily. Signs of toxicity and mortality rate in each group were recorded. Blood samples from wing vein (3 mL) was drawn on day 29 before medication and on days 33, 37, and 41 after medication, and on day 29 for the determination of serum values of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), uric acid, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and creatinine. Postmortem performed on day 41 after all samples taken. In second experiment, other 50 birds were divided into two groups C and D comprising of 25 birds in each group. Each bird of group C was injected I/M piroxicam 2 mg/kg twice a day. Group D was kept as control group. Postmortem was performed after medication on 5th day. Based on the necropsy findings and biochemical analysis, it was found that piroxicam was safe drug (NSAIDs) in the avian species. Keeping in view the environmental problem (vultures crises), it is recommended that piroxicam which has good pharmacological effects in human medicine may be used instead of diclofenac sodium in veterinary practice. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18264 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z This project was designed for the evaluation of different effects of toxic dosage levels of piroxicam in broiler chickens. For this project, one hundred healthy broiler chickens were purchased from the market and were reared up to 28 days. These fifty birds were divided into two groups A and B, having twenty five birds in each group. On day 29th , group A was medicated with piroxicam twice a day at dose rate of 1 mg/kg body weight intra-muscularly (I/M) for four days. Birds from group B were kept as control. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. A physical examination was performed daily. Signs of toxicity and mortality rate in each group were recorded. Blood samples from wing vein (3 mL) was drawn on day 29 before medication and on days 33, 37, and 41 after medication, and on day 29 for the determination of serum values of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), uric acid, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and creatinine. Postmortem performed on day 41 after all samples taken. In second experiment, other 50 birds were divided into two groups C and D comprising of 25 birds in each group. Each bird of group C was injected I/M piroxicam 2 mg/kg twice a day. Group D was kept as control group. Postmortem was performed after medication on 5th day. Based on the necropsy findings and biochemical analysis, it was found that piroxicam was safe drug (NSAIDs) in the avian species. Keeping in view the environmental problem (vultures crises), it is recommended that piroxicam which has good pharmacological effects in human medicine may be used instead of diclofenac sodium in veterinary practice. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18263 Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 3 Leaves of Arrabidaea chica (Bonpl.) B. Verl., Bignoniaceae, are commonly used in the Amazon region as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, astringent and as a wound healing agent. In the Southeast Region of Brazil, this species is used for urinary infection treatment. Ethanol extract from leaves of Arrabidaea chica and its fractions were prepared and tested for antioxidant, cytotoxic, antibacterial and diuretic activities. All samples, with the exception of the hexane fraction, showed a potential antioxidant activity. Hexane, ethyl acetate fraction and luteolin, a flavone isolated from dichlorometane fraction, demonstrated diuretic activity. None of the samples assayed showed cytotoxicity or antimicrobial activity. Therefore, our results suggest that folk use to treat urinary tract infections may be modulated by the diuretic activity found, since increase of water diuresis serves to ‘flush out’ the urinary tract of infecting organisms. This could reduce bacterial multiplication in the bladder. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18263 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Leaves of Arrabidaea chica (Bonpl.) B. Verl., Bignoniaceae, are commonly used in the Amazon region as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, astringent and as a wound healing agent. In the Southeast Region of Brazil, this species is used for urinary infection treatment. Ethanol extract from leaves of Arrabidaea chica and its fractions were prepared and tested for antioxidant, cytotoxic, antibacterial and diuretic activities. All samples, with the exception of the hexane fraction, showed a potential antioxidant activity. Hexane, ethyl acetate fraction and luteolin, a flavone isolated from dichlorometane fraction, demonstrated diuretic activity. None of the samples assayed showed cytotoxicity or antimicrobial activity. Therefore, our results suggest that folk use to treat urinary tract infections may be modulated by the diuretic activity found, since increase of water diuresis serves to ‘flush out’ the urinary tract of infecting organisms. This could reduce bacterial multiplication in the bladder. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18262 Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 3 This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel protocol of transdermal Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) based on a nanostructured formulation of Estriol (0.1 %) + Estradiol (0.25 %) restoring serum levels and relieving menopausal symptoms. We evaluated 122 women with mean age of 56.88 (± 6.27) as part a longitudinal prospective study on post-menopausal women with natural menopause, received in the right forearm a transdermal formulation of (EE) daily for 60 months. Clinical parameters including the degree of satisfaction with symptomatic relief, serum concentrations of estradiol, weight, blood pressure, and bilateral mammography BI-RADS were compared between the baseline and five years after treatment. New evidence regarding this HRT protocol was assessed. The transdermal nanoformulation estradiol improved clinical parameters. Satisfaction with treatment was 92 %. Serum concentrations of estradiol changed significantly after treatment (p < 0.05). Weight and systolic and diastolic blood pressures had no significant differences (p > 0.05) over the years. No vaginal bleeding was observed. Bilateral mammography assessment of the breasts following 60 months of HRT with bioidentical estradiol treatment found normal results in all women. This paper shows for the first time the effectiveness of a nanostructured transdermal formulation enhancer on the delivery of estradiol and estriol measured in vivo using Raman Confocal Spectroscopy. The Nanostructured formulation is safe and effective in reestablishing estradiol serum levels and relieving menopausal symptoms. The nanoformulation may serve as a good choice for hormone replacement therapy to protect against other post-menopausal symptoms. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18262 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel protocol of transdermal Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) based on a nanostructured formulation of Estriol (0.1 %) + Estradiol (0.25 %) restoring serum levels and relieving menopausal symptoms. We evaluated 122 women with mean age of 56.88 (± 6.27) as part a longitudinal prospective study on post-menopausal women with natural menopause, received in the right forearm a transdermal formulation of (EE) daily for 60 months. Clinical parameters including the degree of satisfaction with symptomatic relief, serum concentrations of estradiol, weight, blood pressure, and bilateral mammography BI-RADS were compared between the baseline and five years after treatment. New evidence regarding this HRT protocol was assessed. The transdermal nanoformulation estradiol improved clinical parameters. Satisfaction with treatment was 92 %. Serum concentrations of estradiol changed significantly after treatment (p < 0.05). Weight and systolic and diastolic blood pressures had no significant differences (p > 0.05) over the years. No vaginal bleeding was observed. Bilateral mammography assessment of the breasts following 60 months of HRT with bioidentical estradiol treatment found normal results in all women. This paper shows for the first time the effectiveness of a nanostructured transdermal formulation enhancer on the delivery of estradiol and estriol measured in vivo using Raman Confocal Spectroscopy. The Nanostructured formulation is safe and effective in reestablishing estradiol serum levels and relieving menopausal symptoms. The nanoformulation may serve as a good choice for hormone replacement therapy to protect against other post-menopausal symptoms. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18261 Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 3 Oleanolic acid (1) is a bioactive compound widely distributed in nature. Microbial transformation is an effective way to alter the structures of compounds. The result of biotransformation of oleanolic acid was carried out in this paper. Four transform products (2-5) from 1 by Penicillium melinii were isolated. Their structures were established by spectral data interpretation as 21β-hydroxyoleanolic acid (2), 21α-hydroxyoleanolic acid (3), canthic acid (4), and 7α, 21β-dihydroxyl oleanolic acid (5). Compound 3 had stronger antibacterial activities against MRSA and Staphylococcus aureus than the substrate. It was reported for the first time that the hydroxylation products of oleanic acid can be obtained by biotransformation using incubation with Penicillium melinii. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18261 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Oleanolic acid (1) is a bioactive compound widely distributed in nature. Microbial transformation is an effective way to alter the structures of compounds. The result of biotransformation of oleanolic acid was carried out in this paper. Four transform products (2-5) from 1 by Penicillium melinii were isolated. Their structures were established by spectral data interpretation as 21β-hydroxyoleanolic acid (2), 21α-hydroxyoleanolic acid (3), canthic acid (4), and 7α, 21β-dihydroxyl oleanolic acid (5). Compound 3 had stronger antibacterial activities against MRSA and Staphylococcus aureus than the substrate. It was reported for the first time that the hydroxylation products of oleanic acid can be obtained by biotransformation using incubation with Penicillium melinii. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18260 Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 3 The solubility of sodium diclofenac (NaDIC) in several ethanol + water mixtures was determined at 293.15 K to 313.15 K. The thermodynamic functions Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy of solution were obtained from these solubility data by using the van’t Hoff and Gibbs equations. Thermodynamic quantities of mixing were also obtained by means of the drug properties of fusion. In contrast to other electrolyte drugs, NaDIC exhibits low solubility and the greatest value was obtained in the mixture 0.80 in mass fraction of ethanol. A non-linear enthalpy–entropy relationship was observed from a plot of enthalpy vs. Gibbs energy of solution. Accordingly, the driving mechanism for NaDIC solubility in waterrich and ethanol-rich mixtures is the entropy, probably due to water-structure losing around the drug non-polar moieties by ethanol or increased ionic solvation; whereas, in the medium composition mixtures the driving mechanism is the enthalpy, probably due to NaDIC solvation increase by the co-solvent molecules. The generated solubility data is mathematically represented by using the Jouyban-Acree model and also predicted employing previously trained versions of the model in which both fitting and prediction errors are within acceptable ranges. The computed thermodynamic properties are accurately represented using adapted versions of the Jouyban-Acree model. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18260 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The solubility of sodium diclofenac (NaDIC) in several ethanol + water mixtures was determined at 293.15 K to 313.15 K. The thermodynamic functions Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy of solution were obtained from these solubility data by using the van’t Hoff and Gibbs equations. Thermodynamic quantities of mixing were also obtained by means of the drug properties of fusion. In contrast to other electrolyte drugs, NaDIC exhibits low solubility and the greatest value was obtained in the mixture 0.80 in mass fraction of ethanol. A non-linear enthalpy–entropy relationship was observed from a plot of enthalpy vs. Gibbs energy of solution. Accordingly, the driving mechanism for NaDIC solubility in waterrich and ethanol-rich mixtures is the entropy, probably due to water-structure losing around the drug non-polar moieties by ethanol or increased ionic solvation; whereas, in the medium composition mixtures the driving mechanism is the enthalpy, probably due to NaDIC solvation increase by the co-solvent molecules. The generated solubility data is mathematically represented by using the Jouyban-Acree model and also predicted employing previously trained versions of the model in which both fitting and prediction errors are within acceptable ranges. The computed thermodynamic properties are accurately represented using adapted versions of the Jouyban-Acree model. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18259 Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 3 The antihyperglycaemic effect of Casearia sylvestris aqueous extract (CS) and its flavonoidic fraction using in vivo models in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was evaluated. CS (500 mg/kg) reduced blood glucose in rats three weeks after a single oral dose. The blood glucose significantly decreased in a test of tolerance to insulin. Phytochemical investigation on TLC, HPLC-DAD and NMR spectral analysis of extract and fractions confirmed the presence of flavonoids. These results direct the hypothesis that CS improves glucose metabolism by reducing insulin resistance, and it may be useful for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18259 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The antihyperglycaemic effect of Casearia sylvestris aqueous extract (CS) and its flavonoidic fraction using in vivo models in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was evaluated. CS (500 mg/kg) reduced blood glucose in rats three weeks after a single oral dose. The blood glucose significantly decreased in a test of tolerance to insulin. Phytochemical investigation on TLC, HPLC-DAD and NMR spectral analysis of extract and fractions confirmed the presence of flavonoids. These results direct the hypothesis that CS improves glucose metabolism by reducing insulin resistance, and it may be useful for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18257 Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 3 In order to achieve a reliable degree of quality, the pharmaceutical industry needs to introduce a quality control system that includes validation of the cleaning of equipment. This study carried out cleaning validation on the dexamethasone cream production line. The validation study involved evaluation of the cleaning procedures for the dexamethasone cream production line. Samples were collected at thirteen points involving the reactor, the colloidal mill, the industrial blender, the mixer and the packaging machine, for each of the batches. Samples were collected for study of the residue of the principle active ingredient, of detergent, and for microbiological analysis. Cleaning was shown to be within the stipulated parameters (acceptable level = 9.95 μg/mL) for: residues of active ingredient, TOC, pH, conductivity and microbiological contamination. It was thus concluded that the strategy adopted for cleaning validation was simple, swift, and efficient and capable of being applied to other kinds of pharmaceutical products. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18257 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z In order to achieve a reliable degree of quality, the pharmaceutical industry needs to introduce a quality control system that includes validation of the cleaning of equipment. This study carried out cleaning validation on the dexamethasone cream production line. The validation study involved evaluation of the cleaning procedures for the dexamethasone cream production line. Samples were collected at thirteen points involving the reactor, the colloidal mill, the industrial blender, the mixer and the packaging machine, for each of the batches. Samples were collected for study of the residue of the principle active ingredient, of detergent, and for microbiological analysis. Cleaning was shown to be within the stipulated parameters (acceptable level = 9.95 μg/mL) for: residues of active ingredient, TOC, pH, conductivity and microbiological contamination. It was thus concluded that the strategy adopted for cleaning validation was simple, swift, and efficient and capable of being applied to other kinds of pharmaceutical products. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18256 Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 3 To evaluate the protective efficacy of Cistanoside A (C.A), a phenylethanol glycoside isolated from Cistanche deserticola, on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in mice, 50 animals were divided into five different protocols, and hepatic functional index were detected by diagnostic kits. Histological changes were compared by H&E stain. Activities of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes (GST, SOD, and CAT) and respiratory marker enzymes (MDH, SDH, NADH dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidases) were measured. To confirm the effect of C.A on free radical, tests on the free radical scavenging activities were also carried out in vitro. We found treatment with C.A (10, 20 mg/kg o.p. for 7 days) could significantly ameliorated the levels of hepatic function indices (AST, ALT, ALP and LDH) (P < 0.05). The biochemical results were also confirmed by histopathological examination. C.A treatment decreased the ballooning degeneration, moderated the hepatocytes apoptosis, and alleviated centrilobular and bridging necrosis which were observed in the CCl4 control group. Following experiments revealed that C.A could increase the activities of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes (GST, SOD, and CAT) and respiratory marker enzymes (MDH, SDH, NADH dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidases) (P < 0.05). In vitro, C.A exhibited strong scavenging activities for DPPH radical and superoxide anion radical. Our results revealed that C.A possess protective activities on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in mice, which was involved with increasing free radicals clearing activities, alleviating lipid-overoxidation damage, and improving respiratory chain function in mitochondria. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18256 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z To evaluate the protective efficacy of Cistanoside A (C.A), a phenylethanol glycoside isolated from Cistanche deserticola, on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in mice, 50 animals were divided into five different protocols, and hepatic functional index were detected by diagnostic kits. Histological changes were compared by H&E stain. Activities of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes (GST, SOD, and CAT) and respiratory marker enzymes (MDH, SDH, NADH dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidases) were measured. To confirm the effect of C.A on free radical, tests on the free radical scavenging activities were also carried out in vitro. We found treatment with C.A (10, 20 mg/kg o.p. for 7 days) could significantly ameliorated the levels of hepatic function indices (AST, ALT, ALP and LDH) (P < 0.05). The biochemical results were also confirmed by histopathological examination. C.A treatment decreased the ballooning degeneration, moderated the hepatocytes apoptosis, and alleviated centrilobular and bridging necrosis which were observed in the CCl4 control group. Following experiments revealed that C.A could increase the activities of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes (GST, SOD, and CAT) and respiratory marker enzymes (MDH, SDH, NADH dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidases) (P < 0.05). In vitro, C.A exhibited strong scavenging activities for DPPH radical and superoxide anion radical. Our results revealed that C.A possess protective activities on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in mice, which was involved with increasing free radicals clearing activities, alleviating lipid-overoxidation damage, and improving respiratory chain function in mitochondria. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18255 Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 3 The metabolism and excretion profile in rats were investigated after a single dose of daphnoretin. Metabolites of daphnoretin in rats were characterized by HPLC-MS n analysis. A HPLC-UV method was developed to determine the concentration of daphnoretin in rat urine, feces and bile. Daphnoretin was biotransformed via conjunctive and oxidative pathways to three detected metabolites. The structures of these metabolites were tentatively identified. The cumulative excretion percentage of daphnoretin in urine, feces and bile of rats was 0.13, 52.7, and 0.018 %, respectively. All the metabolites and excretion data are reported for the first time. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18255 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The metabolism and excretion profile in rats were investigated after a single dose of daphnoretin. Metabolites of daphnoretin in rats were characterized by HPLC-MS n analysis. A HPLC-UV method was developed to determine the concentration of daphnoretin in rat urine, feces and bile. Daphnoretin was biotransformed via conjunctive and oxidative pathways to three detected metabolites. The structures of these metabolites were tentatively identified. The cumulative excretion percentage of daphnoretin in urine, feces and bile of rats was 0.13, 52.7, and 0.018 %, respectively. All the metabolites and excretion data are reported for the first time. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18254 Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 3 An HPTLC method for analysis of risedronate sodium in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation has been established and validated. The analyte was separated on aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60 F254 . The mobile phase was water-acetontrile-ammonia solution 9.3:0.40:0.3 (v/v). Quantification was done by densitometric scanning at 262 nm. Response was a linear function of risedronate asdium concentration in the range of 5 to 25 μg/mL. The limit of detection and quantification for risedronate sodium were 0.86 and 3.03 μg/mL respectively. Average recovery of risedronate sodium was 99.31, which shows that the method was free from interference from excipients present in the formulation. The established method enabled accurate, precise, and rapid analysis of risedronate sodium in bulk as well as pharmaceutical formulation. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18254 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z An HPTLC method for analysis of risedronate sodium in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation has been established and validated. The analyte was separated on aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60 F254 . The mobile phase was water-acetontrile-ammonia solution 9.3:0.40:0.3 (v/v). Quantification was done by densitometric scanning at 262 nm. Response was a linear function of risedronate asdium concentration in the range of 5 to 25 μg/mL. The limit of detection and quantification for risedronate sodium were 0.86 and 3.03 μg/mL respectively. Average recovery of risedronate sodium was 99.31, which shows that the method was free from interference from excipients present in the formulation. The established method enabled accurate, precise, and rapid analysis of risedronate sodium in bulk as well as pharmaceutical formulation. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18253 Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 3 A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method coupled with ultraviolet (UV) detection has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of berberine hydrochloride, evodiamine and rutaecarpine in Zuojin Pill. Chromatographic separation were achieved on a ODS-C18 column (250×4.6 mm i.d., 5.0 μm particle) through a 25 min gradient delivery of a mixture of A (acetonitrile) and B (0.3 % phosphoric acid-0.3 % triethylamine) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min at 40 °C. All of the analytes showed good linearity (r > 0.999). The method was validated for repeatability, precision, stability, accuracy and selectivity. The validated method was applied to quality control of Zuojin Pill from different manufacture. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18253 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method coupled with ultraviolet (UV) detection has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of berberine hydrochloride, evodiamine and rutaecarpine in Zuojin Pill. Chromatographic separation were achieved on a ODS-C18 column (250×4.6 mm i.d., 5.0 μm particle) through a 25 min gradient delivery of a mixture of A (acetonitrile) and B (0.3 % phosphoric acid-0.3 % triethylamine) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min at 40 °C. All of the analytes showed good linearity (r > 0.999). The method was validated for repeatability, precision, stability, accuracy and selectivity. The validated method was applied to quality control of Zuojin Pill from different manufacture. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18252 Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 3 The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of pure and blended mixtures, with different compositions of hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and carnauba wax (CW) on the release of diclofenac potassium from matrix tablets. Fifteen different matrix tablet formulations were prepared by direct compression process by using Carver Hydraulic laboratory press having 13 mm flat dies set at constant pressure. The paddle dissolution apparatus II (Curio DL 2020) was used to assess the dissolution of drug in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 for 8 h. The release data was fitted to different release models. Zoom stereo micrography was done to evaluated the release mechanism of drug from polymers. The interaction of polymer mixture and different ratios of drug in polymer mixture was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The type and content of polymer in the matrix system influenced the release characteristics. Higher polymeric content in the matrix decreased the drug release rate because of increased tortuosity and decreased porosity. Retardation of drug release from pure carnauba was higher as compared to that with pure HPMC matrices. The polymers blends controlled drug release pattern effectively. The drug released showed better linearity with Higuchi release kinetics. The Korsmeyer equation revealed n value ranged from 0.388-0.627 or non - Fickian transport mechanism of drug release was predominant. The FTIR and DSC suggested that there were no chemical interaction between drug and polymers. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18252 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of pure and blended mixtures, with different compositions of hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and carnauba wax (CW) on the release of diclofenac potassium from matrix tablets. Fifteen different matrix tablet formulations were prepared by direct compression process by using Carver Hydraulic laboratory press having 13 mm flat dies set at constant pressure. The paddle dissolution apparatus II (Curio DL 2020) was used to assess the dissolution of drug in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 for 8 h. The release data was fitted to different release models. Zoom stereo micrography was done to evaluated the release mechanism of drug from polymers. The interaction of polymer mixture and different ratios of drug in polymer mixture was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The type and content of polymer in the matrix system influenced the release characteristics. Higher polymeric content in the matrix decreased the drug release rate because of increased tortuosity and decreased porosity. Retardation of drug release from pure carnauba was higher as compared to that with pure HPMC matrices. The polymers blends controlled drug release pattern effectively. The drug released showed better linearity with Higuchi release kinetics. The Korsmeyer equation revealed n value ranged from 0.388-0.627 or non - Fickian transport mechanism of drug release was predominant. The FTIR and DSC suggested that there were no chemical interaction between drug and polymers. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18246 Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 3 Six extended-release formulations of tizanidine hydrochloride were prepared by direct compression technique using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and ethylcellulose (EC). The drug release from these tablets was evaluated by analyzing the samples at 227 nm. Both model dependent and independent mathematical approaches were applied to investigate the extended release pattern and mechanism of tizanidine hydrochloride. About 87.8, 74.4, 85.1, 74.8, 70.8, and 56.2 % drug was released from F1 to F6 , respectively, in 12 h. Drug release kinetics indicated that drug release was best explained by Higuchi equation. The values of ‘n’ from Korsmeyer-Peppas model (0.45 to 0.89) supported anomalous or nonFickian diffusion in first five formulations, whereas last formulation (F6 ) with ‘n’ greater than 0.89 presented case-II relaxation or super case transport-II. In model independent approach, the values of first five formulations lies between 50 and 100, because of insignificant differences in their drug release whereas F6 behaved differently. A retarding effect was observed with both of polymers depending upon their quantity. In F3 and F5 less retarding effect was observed than F2 and F5 because HPMC is hydrophilic and EC is hydrophobic polymer. When EC quantity increased, a decrease in release profile of tizanidine hydrochloride was observed. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18246 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Six extended-release formulations of tizanidine hydrochloride were prepared by direct compression technique using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and ethylcellulose (EC). The drug release from these tablets was evaluated by analyzing the samples at 227 nm. Both model dependent and independent mathematical approaches were applied to investigate the extended release pattern and mechanism of tizanidine hydrochloride. About 87.8, 74.4, 85.1, 74.8, 70.8, and 56.2 % drug was released from F1 to F6 , respectively, in 12 h. Drug release kinetics indicated that drug release was best explained by Higuchi equation. The values of ‘n’ from Korsmeyer-Peppas model (0.45 to 0.89) supported anomalous or nonFickian diffusion in first five formulations, whereas last formulation (F6 ) with ‘n’ greater than 0.89 presented case-II relaxation or super case transport-II. In model independent approach, the values of first five formulations lies between 50 and 100, because of insignificant differences in their drug release whereas F6 behaved differently. A retarding effect was observed with both of polymers depending upon their quantity. In F3 and F5 less retarding effect was observed than F2 and F5 because HPMC is hydrophilic and EC is hydrophobic polymer. When EC quantity increased, a decrease in release profile of tizanidine hydrochloride was observed. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18245 Articulo Latin American Journal of Pharmacy; vol. 31, no. 3 The professional role of the pharmacist in hospital setting is changing from a focus on preparation of medication to patient oriented approach and now pharmacist assists the patient to get best possible results from medication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception of hospital pharmacists towards their role in the healthcare system of Pakistan. A qualitative study design was adopted. Face to face interviews were conducted using a semi structure interview guide. A total of nineteen interviews were conducted and become the part of the study. All the interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed for its content. Thematic content analysis yielded five major themes: 1) perception regarding pharmacist-patient interaction, 2) perception towards reducing prescription errors, 3) perception towards pharmacy curriculum, 4) perception towards pharmacist engagement in hospital policies, and 5) perception regarding clinical role of pharmacists. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/18245 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The professional role of the pharmacist in hospital setting is changing from a focus on preparation of medication to patient oriented approach and now pharmacist assists the patient to get best possible results from medication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception of hospital pharmacists towards their role in the healthcare system of Pakistan. A qualitative study design was adopted. Face to face interviews were conducted using a semi structure interview guide. A total of nineteen interviews were conducted and become the part of the study. All the interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed for its content. Thematic content analysis yielded five major themes: 1) perception regarding pharmacist-patient interaction, 2) perception towards reducing prescription errors, 3) perception towards pharmacy curriculum, 4) perception towards pharmacist engagement in hospital policies, and 5) perception regarding clinical role of pharmacists.