http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/33530 Sun, 15 Nov 2026 06:44:40 GMT 2026-11-15T06:44:40Z http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3823 Objeto de conferencia IV Reunión sobre Pobreza y Distribución del Ingreso (La Plata, 26 y 27 de junio de 2003) This paper develops a model in which it is possible to evaluate alternatives of human capital financing. The alternative systems under discussion are: total feeing; graduates taxes and uniform taxes (this can be associated to the scheme presently used in the Argentina universitary system). Assessment of the alternatives is performed over welfare, based on the indicators of poverty, equality, equity (justice in the distribution) and the average levels of utility and wealth. Likewise, the functions of welfare presented by Bentham, Rawls, Atkinson, Sen and Kakwani are also considered. The most remarkable results are obtained through the simulation of an economy under three scenarios. In that way, the system of graduates taxation is found to be better for welfare; whereas the system of uniform taxation only can be justified as it maximises the number of students. In addition, an analysis of political economy in this model helps to understand why a system of uniform taxation can be sustainable on the time. Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3823 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z This paper develops a model in which it is possible to evaluate alternatives of human capital financing. The alternative systems under discussion are: total feeing; graduates taxes and uniform taxes (this can be associated to the scheme presently used in the Argentina universitary system). Assessment of the alternatives is performed over welfare, based on the indicators of poverty, equality, equity (justice in the distribution) and the average levels of utility and wealth. Likewise, the functions of welfare presented by Bentham, Rawls, Atkinson, Sen and Kakwani are also considered. The most remarkable results are obtained through the simulation of an economy under three scenarios. In that way, the system of graduates taxation is found to be better for welfare; whereas the system of uniform taxation only can be justified as it maximises the number of students. In addition, an analysis of political economy in this model helps to understand why a system of uniform taxation can be sustainable on the time. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3822 Objeto de conferencia IV Reunión sobre Pobreza y Distribución del Ingreso (La Plata, 26 y 27 de junio de 2003) This paper examines the impact of national and foreign trade reforms on poverty in Argentina. National reforms include the removal of Argentine import tariffs. Foreign reforms include the elimination of agricultural subsidies, and tariffs and non-tariff barriers in developed countries (i.e. the United States and the European Union). From a head count ratio of 25.7 percent in 1999, a combination of domestic and global trade liberalization would cause a decline of between 1.6 and 4.6 percentage points in the poverty rate. The marginal effects of national trade reforms are larger than those of foreign trade reforms. However, there is a much greater scope for policy reforms in developed countries. In Argentina, in the end, I find that foreign reforms are more important than national reforms in terms of poverty alleviation. Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3822 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z This paper examines the impact of national and foreign trade reforms on poverty in Argentina. National reforms include the removal of Argentine import tariffs. Foreign reforms include the elimination of agricultural subsidies, and tariffs and non-tariff barriers in developed countries (i.e. the United States and the European Union). From a head count ratio of 25.7 percent in 1999, a combination of domestic and global trade liberalization would cause a decline of between 1.6 and 4.6 percentage points in the poverty rate. The marginal effects of national trade reforms are larger than those of foreign trade reforms. However, there is a much greater scope for policy reforms in developed countries. In Argentina, in the end, I find that foreign reforms are more important than national reforms in terms of poverty alleviation. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3821 Objeto de conferencia IV Reunión sobre Pobreza y Distribución del Ingreso (La Plata, 26 y 27 de junio de 2003) This paper is based in a simultaneous equations econometric model -estimated with the help of genetic algorithms- for the depiction of the Ecuadorian economy functioning. The structural model links the traditional macroeconomic relationships with the evolution of social conditions, generally omitted on this regard. The model purposes, with favorable econometric evidence, that aside the known rapports of poverty with growth and inflation, there is a very important impact of the variation of key prices like the exchange rate and the minimum wage, even in the short-run. Besides, there exists a two-way influence: social conditions also affect macroeconomic performance via price formation, fiscal impacts and evolution of country-risk premium. Departing from the discussion of the short-run dynamic effects of nominal devaluations on growth, inflation, poverty, interest rates and external and fiscal balances, it is possible to address the dynamics of the real exchange rate, exploring the transmission mechanisms of nominal devaluations and the effects of other instruments of economic policy. Using optimal control techniques, I present a game-theoretical framework in which the coalition acting as policy-maker plays a la Stackelberg exploring the possibilities for defending targets of real exchange rate under the severe restrictions that dollarization imposes in Ecuador. Even though the margin of action is pretty narrow, it is possible to characterize alternative kinds of policies that could reduce partially the contractionary effects of more orthodox packages.; El artículo parte de un modelo econométrico de ecuaciones simultáneas estimado con la ayuda de algoritmos genéticos para describir el funcionamiento de la economía ecuatoriana. El modelo estructural busca ligar las tradicionales relaciones macroeconómicas con la evolución de las condiciones sociales de la población, generalmente omitidas en este tipo de consideraciones. Se sostiene, con favorable evidencia econométrica, que aparte de las conocidas relaciones de la pobreza con el crecimiento y la inflación, hay un efecto muy importante de la variación de los precios clave, en particular la tasa de cambio y el salario mínimo, sobre su variación, incluso en el corto plazo. Adicionalmente, hay una influencia de doble vía en la que las condiciones sociales afectan al desempeño macroeconómico vía formación de precios, manejo fiscal y riesgo-país. A partir de la discusión los efectos dinámicos en el corto plazo de las devaluaciones nominales sobre crecimiento, inflación, pobreza, tasas de interés, balance externo y balance fiscal, se esbozan las condiciones dinámicas del tipo de cambio real, explorando los mecanismos de transmisión de las devaluaciones nominales sobre el comportamiento del tipo de cambio real y los efectos de diversos instrumentos de política. Utilizando técnicas de control óptimo se define un marco de teoría de juegos en el que la política económica actúa como líder a la Stackelberg explorando las posibilidades con que contarían los hacedores de política para defender objetivos de tipo de cambio real en condiciones de grave restricción para la gestión macroeconómica que la dolarización oficial impone en Ecuador. Aún cuando el margen de acción es mínimo, se caracterizan tipos de política que podrían reducir los efectos recesivos de ajustes más ortodoxos. Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3821 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z This paper is based in a simultaneous equations econometric model -estimated with the help of genetic algorithms- for the depiction of the Ecuadorian economy functioning. The structural model links the traditional macroeconomic relationships with the evolution of social conditions, generally omitted on this regard. The model purposes, with favorable econometric evidence, that aside the known rapports of poverty with growth and inflation, there is a very important impact of the variation of key prices like the exchange rate and the minimum wage, even in the short-run. Besides, there exists a two-way influence: social conditions also affect macroeconomic performance via price formation, fiscal impacts and evolution of country-risk premium. Departing from the discussion of the short-run dynamic effects of nominal devaluations on growth, inflation, poverty, interest rates and external and fiscal balances, it is possible to address the dynamics of the real exchange rate, exploring the transmission mechanisms of nominal devaluations and the effects of other instruments of economic policy. Using optimal control techniques, I present a game-theoretical framework in which the coalition acting as policy-maker plays a la Stackelberg exploring the possibilities for defending targets of real exchange rate under the severe restrictions that dollarization imposes in Ecuador. Even though the margin of action is pretty narrow, it is possible to characterize alternative kinds of policies that could reduce partially the contractionary effects of more orthodox packages. El artículo parte de un modelo econométrico de ecuaciones simultáneas estimado con la ayuda de algoritmos genéticos para describir el funcionamiento de la economía ecuatoriana. El modelo estructural busca ligar las tradicionales relaciones macroeconómicas con la evolución de las condiciones sociales de la población, generalmente omitidas en este tipo de consideraciones. Se sostiene, con favorable evidencia econométrica, que aparte de las conocidas relaciones de la pobreza con el crecimiento y la inflación, hay un efecto muy importante de la variación de los precios clave, en particular la tasa de cambio y el salario mínimo, sobre su variación, incluso en el corto plazo. Adicionalmente, hay una influencia de doble vía en la que las condiciones sociales afectan al desempeño macroeconómico vía formación de precios, manejo fiscal y riesgo-país. A partir de la discusión los efectos dinámicos en el corto plazo de las devaluaciones nominales sobre crecimiento, inflación, pobreza, tasas de interés, balance externo y balance fiscal, se esbozan las condiciones dinámicas del tipo de cambio real, explorando los mecanismos de transmisión de las devaluaciones nominales sobre el comportamiento del tipo de cambio real y los efectos de diversos instrumentos de política. Utilizando técnicas de control óptimo se define un marco de teoría de juegos en el que la política económica actúa como líder a la Stackelberg explorando las posibilidades con que contarían los hacedores de política para defender objetivos de tipo de cambio real en condiciones de grave restricción para la gestión macroeconómica que la dolarización oficial impone en Ecuador. Aún cuando el margen de acción es mínimo, se caracterizan tipos de política que podrían reducir los efectos recesivos de ajustes más ortodoxos. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3820 Objeto de conferencia IV Reunión sobre Pobreza y Distribución del Ingreso (La Plata, 26 y 27 de junio de 2003) Our approach to the concept of ethnicity involves the usage of instruments in many of its several dimensions: mother tongue, parental background, religion, migration events and race. In order to approximate what can be called racial differences in a context like the Peruvian in which "racial mixture" is the main characteristic of the population, we use a score-based procedure to capture both the differences and the mixtures. By means of this procedure each individual is assigned intensities by pollsters in each of the four categories that correspond to the most easily recognized distinct racial groups in the Peruvian society: Asiatic, White, Indigenous, and Black. We find that the multidimensional race indicator is correlated with several human capital and physical capital assets, as well as with access to public services. Using Blinder-Oaxaca (B-O) decompositions we find that a substantial part of the earnings differences between racial groups cannot be explained by differences in individual characteristics. To take into account the fact that B-O doesn't consider the probability distribution of the individual characteristics, and specifically race in our case, we also use a semi-parametric technique for the estimation of differences in hourly earnings. This estimation treats the typical wage equations in a linear fashion but let estimators for the racial intensity effects to interact freely, without restricting them to a functional form. The results suggests that among wage earners after controlling for a large set of characteristics, there are racially related earnings differences in favor of predominantly White individuals. In the case of the self-employed, none of the empirical distributions of earning differences attributable to race is substantially above zero. Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3820 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z Our approach to the concept of ethnicity involves the usage of instruments in many of its several dimensions: mother tongue, parental background, religion, migration events and race. In order to approximate what can be called racial differences in a context like the Peruvian in which "racial mixture" is the main characteristic of the population, we use a score-based procedure to capture both the differences and the mixtures. By means of this procedure each individual is assigned intensities by pollsters in each of the four categories that correspond to the most easily recognized distinct racial groups in the Peruvian society: Asiatic, White, Indigenous, and Black. We find that the multidimensional race indicator is correlated with several human capital and physical capital assets, as well as with access to public services. Using Blinder-Oaxaca (B-O) decompositions we find that a substantial part of the earnings differences between racial groups cannot be explained by differences in individual characteristics. To take into account the fact that B-O doesn't consider the probability distribution of the individual characteristics, and specifically race in our case, we also use a semi-parametric technique for the estimation of differences in hourly earnings. This estimation treats the typical wage equations in a linear fashion but let estimators for the racial intensity effects to interact freely, without restricting them to a functional form. The results suggests that among wage earners after controlling for a large set of characteristics, there are racially related earnings differences in favor of predominantly White individuals. In the case of the self-employed, none of the empirical distributions of earning differences attributable to race is substantially above zero. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3819 Objeto de conferencia IV Reunión sobre Pobreza y Distribución del Ingreso (La Plata, 26 y 27 de junio de 2003) En este trabajo se analizan los determinantes de la participación en el Programa Jefes de Hogar (PJH), implementado en la Argentina en abril de 2002. Se avanza también en la descripción de la inserción ocupacional de los beneficiarios del programa. Para el examen de la participación se propone una metodología de estimación de la población blanco del programa la que permite a su vez evaluar su eficacia para garantizar el Derecho Familiar a la Inclusión Social, fin principal manifiesto en el decreto de creación del PJH. La participación es evaluada en función de un conjunto de variables individuales, familiares y ocupacionales. Dado que la posición en el mercado de trabajo aparece como el principal requisito para participar en el programa, entre las variables ocupacionales se profundiza el análisis observando la trayectoria laboral previa de los actuales beneficiarios. La principal fuente de datos de esta investigación es la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (que cubre aproximadamente los 32 principales centros urbanos de la Argentina); y el período examinado es el comprendido entre las ondas de mayo de 2001 y octubre de 2002. Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3819 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z En este trabajo se analizan los determinantes de la participación en el Programa Jefes de Hogar (PJH), implementado en la Argentina en abril de 2002. Se avanza también en la descripción de la inserción ocupacional de los beneficiarios del programa. Para el examen de la participación se propone una metodología de estimación de la población blanco del programa la que permite a su vez evaluar su eficacia para garantizar el Derecho Familiar a la Inclusión Social, fin principal manifiesto en el decreto de creación del PJH. La participación es evaluada en función de un conjunto de variables individuales, familiares y ocupacionales. Dado que la posición en el mercado de trabajo aparece como el principal requisito para participar en el programa, entre las variables ocupacionales se profundiza el análisis observando la trayectoria laboral previa de los actuales beneficiarios. La principal fuente de datos de esta investigación es la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (que cubre aproximadamente los 32 principales centros urbanos de la Argentina); y el período examinado es el comprendido entre las ondas de mayo de 2001 y octubre de 2002. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3818 Objeto de conferencia IV Reunión sobre Pobreza y Distribución del Ingreso (La Plata, 26 y 27 de junio de 2003) At the end of 2001, Argentina suffered one of its worst economic crises in memory. When presented with lower incomes, reduced employment, and other economic shocks, households have responded by adjusting their consumer behavior and adopting a number of coping strategies. In this paper, we use evidence from a household survey completed at the time of the Argentine crisis to examine whether the use of coping strategies is directly linked to the type of shock experienced by the household and whether household behavior varies by wealth or family type. Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3818 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z At the end of 2001, Argentina suffered one of its worst economic crises in memory. When presented with lower incomes, reduced employment, and other economic shocks, households have responded by adjusting their consumer behavior and adopting a number of coping strategies. In this paper, we use evidence from a household survey completed at the time of the Argentine crisis to examine whether the use of coping strategies is directly linked to the type of shock experienced by the household and whether household behavior varies by wealth or family type. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3817 Objeto de conferencia IV Reunión sobre Pobreza y Distribución del Ingreso (La Plata, 26 y 27 de junio de 2003) Whereas traditional explanations of differences in long-run paths of development across the Americas generally point to the significance of differences in national heritage or religion, we highlight the relevance of stark contrasts in the degree of inequality in wealth, human capital, and political power in accounting for how fundamental economic institutions evolved over time. We argue, moreover, that the roots of these disparities in the extent of inequality lay in differences in the initial factor endowments (dating back to the era of European colonization). We document -through comparative studies of suffrage, public land, and schooling policies- systematic patterns by which societies in the Americas that began with more extreme inequality or heterogeneity in the population were more likely to develop institutional structures that greatly advantaged members of elite classes (and disadvantaging the bulk of the population) by providing them with more political influence and access to economic opportunities. The clear implication is that institutions should not be presumed to be exogenous; economists need to learn more about where they come from to understand their relation to economic development. Our findings not only contribute to our knowledge of why extreme differences in the extent of inequality across New World economies have persisted for centuries, but also to the study of processes of long-run economic growth past and present. Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3817 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z Whereas traditional explanations of differences in long-run paths of development across the Americas generally point to the significance of differences in national heritage or religion, we highlight the relevance of stark contrasts in the degree of inequality in wealth, human capital, and political power in accounting for how fundamental economic institutions evolved over time. We argue, moreover, that the roots of these disparities in the extent of inequality lay in differences in the initial factor endowments (dating back to the era of European colonization). We document -through comparative studies of suffrage, public land, and schooling policies- systematic patterns by which societies in the Americas that began with more extreme inequality or heterogeneity in the population were more likely to develop institutional structures that greatly advantaged members of elite classes (and disadvantaging the bulk of the population) by providing them with more political influence and access to economic opportunities. The clear implication is that institutions should not be presumed to be exogenous; economists need to learn more about where they come from to understand their relation to economic development. Our findings not only contribute to our knowledge of why extreme differences in the extent of inequality across New World economies have persisted for centuries, but also to the study of processes of long-run economic growth past and present. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3727 Objeto de conferencia IV Reunión sobre Pobreza y Distribución del Ingreso (La Plata, 26 y 27 de junio de 2003) This chapter summarizes information on inequality in living standards in Latin American and Caribbean countries. To that aim we work with a sample of more than 50 household surveys from 20 LAC countries from 1989 to 2001, and we survey results from other authors. Although the core of the statistics are on household income inequality, the study also presents information by country/year on inequality in the distribution of earnings, hourly wages, hours, worked, employment, unemployment, child labor, non-labor income, education, literacy, school enrollment, household size, housing, land ownership, social services, health status and services, political representation and crime victimization. Additionally, we report results on aggregate welfare and other dimensions of social justice, beyond inequality: polarization, mobility, and poverty. From the results reported in this chapter LAC emerges today as a very unequal region, (i) in comparison to other regions, (ii) in comparison to LAC in previous decades, and (iii) in terms of the potential gains in aggregate welfare that can be achieved with a more equal distribution. Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3727 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z This chapter summarizes information on inequality in living standards in Latin American and Caribbean countries. To that aim we work with a sample of more than 50 household surveys from 20 LAC countries from 1989 to 2001, and we survey results from other authors. Although the core of the statistics are on household income inequality, the study also presents information by country/year on inequality in the distribution of earnings, hourly wages, hours, worked, employment, unemployment, child labor, non-labor income, education, literacy, school enrollment, household size, housing, land ownership, social services, health status and services, political representation and crime victimization. Additionally, we report results on aggregate welfare and other dimensions of social justice, beyond inequality: polarization, mobility, and poverty. From the results reported in this chapter LAC emerges today as a very unequal region, (i) in comparison to other regions, (ii) in comparison to LAC in previous decades, and (iii) in terms of the potential gains in aggregate welfare that can be achieved with a more equal distribution. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3723 Objeto de conferencia IV Reunión sobre Pobreza y Distribución del Ingreso (La Plata, 26 y 27 de junio de 2003) Crime levels have risen significantly in Argentina during recent years. In this study, we analyze the relationship between crime victimization and income distribution. Our main question is whether the rich or the poor have been the main victims of this crime rise. For home robberies, we found that the poor have suffered the main crime increases. For street robberies, both groups show similar augments in victimization. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the rich are better able to protect their houses through private security devices than the poor. Additional evidence supports this interpretation. Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3723 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z Crime levels have risen significantly in Argentina during recent years. In this study, we analyze the relationship between crime victimization and income distribution. Our main question is whether the rich or the poor have been the main victims of this crime rise. For home robberies, we found that the poor have suffered the main crime increases. For street robberies, both groups show similar augments in victimization. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the rich are better able to protect their houses through private security devices than the poor. Additional evidence supports this interpretation. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3722 Objeto de conferencia IV Reunión sobre Pobreza y Distribución del Ingreso (La Plata, 26 y 27 de junio de 2003) Este trabajo examina la discriminación salarial por género, etnia y su interacción en Bolivia para el período 1994-1999. Se investiga el rol que desempeña la discriminación en los niveles de ingreso y sobre la desigualdad salarial. El estudio estima ecuaciones de ingresos tipo Mincer corregidas por sesgo de selección, desagregando en dos grupos de edad. Posteriormente, se utiliza la descomposición de Fields, metodología que cuantifica la contribución de las diferentes variables incluidas en la ecuación de ingresos en la explicación de la desigualdad salarial. Así es posible observar el impacto de la discriminación sobre los niveles de desigualdad. Los principales resultados de la investigación muestran la existencia de discriminación salarial por género, etnia y su interacción, categorías que presentan distinta evolución en el tiempo y en función al grupo de edad que se examina. En efecto, entre 1994 y 1999 para las personas mayores de 10 años, el diferencial salarial por género disminuye, mientras que en los individuos comprendidos entre 25-65 años, las diferencias se mantienen o incrementan. Llama la atención, que el efecto adicional de ser mujer de origen étnico es positivo en 1994, situación que se revierte en 1999. Otro importante resultado surge cuando se realiza la distinción de la desigualdad por género y etnia, la cual aumenta en forma heterogénea y muestra alta dispersión intra-grupos, señalando que ser mujer y de origen étnico es la condición más desfavorable al momento de percibir ingresos en el mercado laboral, condición que explica en gran parte, la elevación de los niveles de desigualdad en dichos años (razón de quintiles y coeficiente de Gini). Posteriormente, se halla que la educación es la variable más importante en explicar la desigualdad salarial, seguida por la variable género. Asimismo, se evidencia que la discriminación salarial por género y etnia no sólo afectan los niveles de ingreso sino también contribuyen de manera importante a explicar la desigualdad salarial. Esta evidencia sugiere que serán fundamentales no sólo políticas educacionales sino también de género, a fin de disminuir los elevados niveles de desigualdad de ingresos y de discriminación salarial existentes en el mercado laboral boliviano. Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3722 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z Este trabajo examina la discriminación salarial por género, etnia y su interacción en Bolivia para el período 1994-1999. Se investiga el rol que desempeña la discriminación en los niveles de ingreso y sobre la desigualdad salarial. El estudio estima ecuaciones de ingresos tipo Mincer corregidas por sesgo de selección, desagregando en dos grupos de edad. Posteriormente, se utiliza la descomposición de Fields, metodología que cuantifica la contribución de las diferentes variables incluidas en la ecuación de ingresos en la explicación de la desigualdad salarial. Así es posible observar el impacto de la discriminación sobre los niveles de desigualdad. Los principales resultados de la investigación muestran la existencia de discriminación salarial por género, etnia y su interacción, categorías que presentan distinta evolución en el tiempo y en función al grupo de edad que se examina. En efecto, entre 1994 y 1999 para las personas mayores de 10 años, el diferencial salarial por género disminuye, mientras que en los individuos comprendidos entre 25-65 años, las diferencias se mantienen o incrementan. Llama la atención, que el efecto adicional de ser mujer de origen étnico es positivo en 1994, situación que se revierte en 1999. Otro importante resultado surge cuando se realiza la distinción de la desigualdad por género y etnia, la cual aumenta en forma heterogénea y muestra alta dispersión intra-grupos, señalando que ser mujer y de origen étnico es la condición más desfavorable al momento de percibir ingresos en el mercado laboral, condición que explica en gran parte, la elevación de los niveles de desigualdad en dichos años (razón de quintiles y coeficiente de Gini). Posteriormente, se halla que la educación es la variable más importante en explicar la desigualdad salarial, seguida por la variable género. Asimismo, se evidencia que la discriminación salarial por género y etnia no sólo afectan los niveles de ingreso sino también contribuyen de manera importante a explicar la desigualdad salarial. Esta evidencia sugiere que serán fundamentales no sólo políticas educacionales sino también de género, a fin de disminuir los elevados niveles de desigualdad de ingresos y de discriminación salarial existentes en el mercado laboral boliviano. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3721 Objeto de conferencia IV Reunión sobre Pobreza y Distribución del Ingreso (La Plata, 26 y 27 de junio de 2003) Using urban household surveys, we constructed a panel dataset to study the effects of the Argentine macroeconomic crisis of 1999-2002 with the aim of (1) identifying the most vulnerable households, (2) investigating whether employment in the public sector and government spending served to decrease vulnerability, and (3) understanding the mechanisms used by households to smooth the effects of the crisis. Households whose heads were male, less educated, and employed in the construction sector were more vulnerable to the crisis, experiencing larger-than-average declines in income and higher dispersion. Households whose heads were employed in the public sector were more protected from the crisis, although higher public spending did not serve to decrease their vulnerability. A significant source of vulnerability was linked to changes in employment status, and we studied the determinants of the probability of being unemployed and of becoming unemployed. Last, we found that households were unable to perfectly smooth income shocks. Given these results, there is room for broadening social safety nets, particularly in the form of public works programs. Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3721 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z Using urban household surveys, we constructed a panel dataset to study the effects of the Argentine macroeconomic crisis of 1999-2002 with the aim of (1) identifying the most vulnerable households, (2) investigating whether employment in the public sector and government spending served to decrease vulnerability, and (3) understanding the mechanisms used by households to smooth the effects of the crisis. Households whose heads were male, less educated, and employed in the construction sector were more vulnerable to the crisis, experiencing larger-than-average declines in income and higher dispersion. Households whose heads were employed in the public sector were more protected from the crisis, although higher public spending did not serve to decrease their vulnerability. A significant source of vulnerability was linked to changes in employment status, and we studied the determinants of the probability of being unemployed and of becoming unemployed. Last, we found that households were unable to perfectly smooth income shocks. Given these results, there is room for broadening social safety nets, particularly in the form of public works programs. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3720 Objeto de conferencia IV Reunión sobre Pobreza y Distribución del Ingreso (La Plata, 26 y 27 de junio de 2003) This paper develops direct tests for evaluating the performance of two types of emergency employment programs put in place in Chile since 1999. Our results suggest: First, decentralized and market-driven programs (subsidies for hiring and training) are more efficient in terms of productivity, but are targeted to people that are less vulnerable to unemployment. Second, direct employment programs result in moderate increases of the income of the households of the participants. This increase may be outweighted by the costs (in present value) associated with higher school drop-out and participation rates. Third, if analyzed at a municipality level (comuna), centralized programs do not target municipalities with higher unemployment, increased vulnerability to unemployment, or even lower median income levels, but are strongly correlated with the political affiliation of its major. Finally, our results suggest that the population targeted in direct employment programs is not more vulnerable to unemployment than the actually unemployed. Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3720 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z This paper develops direct tests for evaluating the performance of two types of emergency employment programs put in place in Chile since 1999. Our results suggest: First, decentralized and market-driven programs (subsidies for hiring and training) are more efficient in terms of productivity, but are targeted to people that are less vulnerable to unemployment. Second, direct employment programs result in moderate increases of the income of the households of the participants. This increase may be outweighted by the costs (in present value) associated with higher school drop-out and participation rates. Third, if analyzed at a municipality level (comuna), centralized programs do not target municipalities with higher unemployment, increased vulnerability to unemployment, or even lower median income levels, but are strongly correlated with the political affiliation of its major. Finally, our results suggest that the population targeted in direct employment programs is not more vulnerable to unemployment than the actually unemployed. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3719 Objeto de conferencia IV Reunión sobre Pobreza y Distribución del Ingreso (La Plata, 26 y 27 de junio de 2003) El objetivo de este trabajo es poder identificar empíricamente un candidato para este mecanismo de transmisión usando datos de hogares en Argentina: las decisiones de deserción escolar originadas por restricciones al crédito. Una combinación de argumentos teóricos y empíricos nos centran en este candidato. Primero, la heterogeneidad en la acumulación de capital humano es una fuente importante de los diferenciales de ingresos entre los individuos. Segundo, las decisiones de deserción pueden tener altos costos de reversión, ya que estas decisiones solo pueden ser echas una vez por año. También debe considerarse que la participación en el mercado laboral genera acumulación de capital humano por un proceso de aprendizaje, por ende la depreciación del mismo puede deteriorar la formación de los individuos si retornan a la actividad escolar. Claramente existen varias razones para entender a las decisiones de deserción escolar como un shock permanente. Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar:80/handle/10915/3719 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z El objetivo de este trabajo es poder identificar empíricamente un candidato para este mecanismo de transmisión usando datos de hogares en Argentina: las decisiones de deserción escolar originadas por restricciones al crédito. Una combinación de argumentos teóricos y empíricos nos centran en este candidato. Primero, la heterogeneidad en la acumulación de capital humano es una fuente importante de los diferenciales de ingresos entre los individuos. Segundo, las decisiones de deserción pueden tener altos costos de reversión, ya que estas decisiones solo pueden ser echas una vez por año. También debe considerarse que la participación en el mercado laboral genera acumulación de capital humano por un proceso de aprendizaje, por ende la depreciación del mismo puede deteriorar la formación de los individuos si retornan a la actividad escolar. Claramente existen varias razones para entender a las decisiones de deserción escolar como un shock permanente.