Carbonic anhydrase IX and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 attenuate cardiac dysfunction after myocardial infarction

Abstract

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Prognosis and mortality rate are directly related to infarct size and post-infarction pathological heart remodeling, which can lead to heart failure. Hypoxic MI-affected areas increase the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1), inducing infarct size reduction and improving cardiac function. Hypoxia translocates HIF-1 to the nucleus, activating carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) transcription. CAIX regulates myocardial intracellular pH, critical for heart performance. Our objective was to investigate CAIX participation and relation with sodium bicarbonate transporters 1 (NBC1) and HIF-1 in cardiac remodeling after MI. We analyzed this pathway in an "in vivo" rat coronary artery ligation model and isolated cardiomyocytes maintained under hypoxia. Immunohistochemical studies revealed an increase in HIF-1 levels after 2 h of infarction. Similar results were observed in 2-h infarcted cardiac tissue (immunoblotting) and in hypoxic cardiomyocytes with a nuclear distribution (confocal microscopy). Immunohistochemical studies showed an increase CAIX in the infarcted area at 2 h, mainly distributed throughout the cell and localized in the plasma membrane at 24 h. Similar results were observed in 2 h in infarcted cardiac tissue (immunoblotting) and in hypoxic cardiomyocytes (confocal microscopy). NBC1 expression increased in cardiac tissue after 2 h of infarction (immunoblotting). CAIX and NBC1 interaction increases in cardiac tissue subjected to MI for 2h when CAIX is present (immunoprecipitation). These results suggest that CAIX interacts with NBC1 in our infarct model as a mechanism to prevent acidic damage in hypoxic tissue, making it a promising therapeutic target.