Exopolysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains abrogate in vitro the cytotoxic effect of bacterial toxins on eukaryotic cells

Abstract

Aims: To evaluate the capability of the exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by lactobacilli and bifidobacteria from human and dairy origin to antagonize the cytotoxic effect of bacterial toxins. Methods and Results: The cytotoxicity of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> extracellular factors on Caco-2 colonocytes in the presence/absence of the EPS was determined by measuring the integrity of the tissue monolayer and the damage to the cell membrane (extracellular lactate dehydrogenase activity). Additionally, the protective effect of EPS against the haemolytic activity of the streptolysin-O was evaluated on rabbit erythrocytes. The EPS produced by <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> ssp. <i>lactis</i> A1 and IPLA-R1, <i>Bifidobacterium longum</i> NB667 and <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i> GG were able to counteract the toxic effect of bacterial toxins on the eukaryotic cells at 1 mg ml<SUP>-1</SUP> EPS concentration. The EPS A1 was the most effective in counteracting the effect of <i>B. cereus</i> toxins on colonocytes, even at lower doses (0.5 mg ml<SUP>-1</SUP>), whereas EPS NB667 elicited the highest haemolysis reduction on erythrocytes. Conclusions: The production of EPS by lactobacilli and bifidobacteria could antagonize the toxicity of bacterial pathogens, this effect being EPS and biological marker dependent. Significance and Impact of the Study: This work allows gaining insight about the mechanisms that probiotics could exert to improve the host health.