The phenomenon of dissemination and consumption of fake news brings with it the permanent risk of harm to people, companies, or entities referenced in the content of the messages or publications. An important aspect to consider in the proliferation of disinformation is the design of collaborative tools in which fake news are disseminated; which can be improved through knowledge of the factors that facilitate or prevent its propagation. Thus, this research work proposes the construction of a reference model of the impact of fake news, which allows obtaining metrics of the damage they can cause and the factors that increase or reduce it, in order to provide a catalog of design recommendations/decisions that reduce said impact.